Article(id=1246531408534069863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724515200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775125847228, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775125847228, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775125847228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125847228, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246531406415941821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, year='2025', volume='41', issue='16', pageStart='2251', pageEnd='2400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775125846723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125956861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2379, endPage=2385, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246531408789922409, articleId=1246531408534069863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, language=EN, title=Advances in pharmacokinetic characteristics, population pharmacokinetic modelling and individualized and dynamic dosing of vancomycin in adult patients with hematologic malignancies, columnId=1246531408630534361, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vancomycin is the first-line drug for treating infections caused by methicillin-resistant gram positive bacteria in patients with malignant hematological diseases. However, due to significant differences in the physiological and pathological characteristics of these patients compared to the general population, the pharmacokinetic behavior of vancomycin in the body may undergo significant changes. These changes may lead to unpredictable therapeutic effects, increased safety risks, and the evolution of bacterial resistance. Personalized dosing strategies may offer potential solutions to address these issues. Nevertheless, at present, there is a lack of unified, guideline-based, or consensus-driven reference standards for personalized dosing in these patients, particularly adult patients, and relevant research data remain insufficient. This review systematically summarizes the current status of pharmacokinetic studies on vancomycin in adult patients with malignant hematological diseases and focuses on the analysis of population pharmacokinetic models and their application progress. Additionally, this paper provides a detailed discussion of the current technical approaches available for vancomycin personalized dosing, including techniques based on therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical decision support systems, novel technical methods, and the latest dynamic dosing techniques developed by our research team based on individualized dosing models. Through an organized review of existing research, this paper identifies the challenges faced in achieving broader implementation of personalized dosing. It is hoped that this study will provide valuable insights for achieving personalized vancomycin dosing in patients with malignant hematological diseases, thereby advancing clinical practice and technological development in this field.

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万古霉素是治疗恶性血液病患者耐甲氧西林革兰阳性菌感染的首选药物。然而,由于恶性血液病患者的生理病理特征与普通人群存在显著差异,导致万古霉素在体内的药动学行为可能发生显著改变。这种改变可能引发治疗效果不可预测、安全性风险增加以及细菌耐药性演变等问题。个体化给药策略为解决上述问题提供潜在方案。然而,目前针对这类患者,尤其是成人患者,尚缺乏统一的指南性或共识性的个体化给药参考标准,且相关研究数据仍显不足。本综述系统回顾了成人恶性血液病患者万古霉素药动学研究现状,重点分析了群体药动学模型及其应用进展。同时,本文还阐述了当前可用于万古霉素个体化给药的技术手段,包括基于治疗药物监测的技术、临床决策支持系统、新型技术方法,以及本课题组最近开发的基于个体化剂量模型的动态化给药技术。通过对现有研究的梳理,本文揭示了在实现更广泛个体化给药过程中所面临的挑战。希望本研究能够为实现恶性血液病患者万古霉素个体化给药提供有益启示,推动该领域在临床实践与技术发展方面取得进一步突破。

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龙明辉,主任药师 Tel:(0731) 89762621 E-mail:
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宋香清(1983-),男,副主任药师,主要从事临床药理学、药动学/药效学方面的研究

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宋香清(1983-),男,副主任药师,主要从事临床药理学、药动学/药效学方面的研究

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宋香清(1983-),男,副主任药师,主要从事临床药理学、药动学/药效学方面的研究

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成人恶性血液病患者万古霉素药动学特征、群体药动学模型及个体化与动态化给药研究进展
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宋香清 1a , 颜仕鹏 1b , 韩蜜 1a , 曾媚姿 1a , 杨涛 1a , 张伍林 1a , 谭雨 1a , 龙明辉 1a
中国临床药理学杂志 | 综述 2025,41(16): 2379-2385
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中国临床药理学杂志 | 综述 2025, 41(16): 2379-2385
成人恶性血液病患者万古霉素药动学特征、群体药动学模型及个体化与动态化给药研究进展
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宋香清1a, 颜仕鹏1b, 韩蜜1a, 曾媚姿1a, 杨涛1a, 张伍林1a, 谭雨1a, 龙明辉1a
作者信息
  • 1a.湖南省肿瘤医院 药学部,湖南 长沙 410013
  • 1b.湖南省肿瘤医院 肿瘤防治办公室,湖南 长沙 410013
  • 宋香清(1983-),男,副主任药师,主要从事临床药理学、药动学/药效学方面的研究

通讯作者:

龙明辉,主任药师 Tel:(0731) 89762621 E-mail:
Advances in pharmacokinetic characteristics, population pharmacokinetic modelling and individualized and dynamic dosing of vancomycin in adult patients with hematologic malignancies
Xiang-qing SONG1a, Shi-peng YAN1b, Mi HAN1a, Mei-zi ZENG1a, Tao YANG1a, Wu-lin ZHANG1a, Yu TAN1a, Ming-hui LONG1a
Affiliations
  • 1a.Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
  • 1b.Office of Cancer Prevention Research, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.023
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万古霉素是治疗恶性血液病患者耐甲氧西林革兰阳性菌感染的首选药物。然而,由于恶性血液病患者的生理病理特征与普通人群存在显著差异,导致万古霉素在体内的药动学行为可能发生显著改变。这种改变可能引发治疗效果不可预测、安全性风险增加以及细菌耐药性演变等问题。个体化给药策略为解决上述问题提供潜在方案。然而,目前针对这类患者,尤其是成人患者,尚缺乏统一的指南性或共识性的个体化给药参考标准,且相关研究数据仍显不足。本综述系统回顾了成人恶性血液病患者万古霉素药动学研究现状,重点分析了群体药动学模型及其应用进展。同时,本文还阐述了当前可用于万古霉素个体化给药的技术手段,包括基于治疗药物监测的技术、临床决策支持系统、新型技术方法,以及本课题组最近开发的基于个体化剂量模型的动态化给药技术。通过对现有研究的梳理,本文揭示了在实现更广泛个体化给药过程中所面临的挑战。希望本研究能够为实现恶性血液病患者万古霉素个体化给药提供有益启示,推动该领域在临床实践与技术发展方面取得进一步突破。

万古霉素  /  恶性血液病  /  个体化给药  /  治疗药物监测  /  群体药动学/药效学  /  个体化剂量模型

Vancomycin is the first-line drug for treating infections caused by methicillin-resistant gram positive bacteria in patients with malignant hematological diseases. However, due to significant differences in the physiological and pathological characteristics of these patients compared to the general population, the pharmacokinetic behavior of vancomycin in the body may undergo significant changes. These changes may lead to unpredictable therapeutic effects, increased safety risks, and the evolution of bacterial resistance. Personalized dosing strategies may offer potential solutions to address these issues. Nevertheless, at present, there is a lack of unified, guideline-based, or consensus-driven reference standards for personalized dosing in these patients, particularly adult patients, and relevant research data remain insufficient. This review systematically summarizes the current status of pharmacokinetic studies on vancomycin in adult patients with malignant hematological diseases and focuses on the analysis of population pharmacokinetic models and their application progress. Additionally, this paper provides a detailed discussion of the current technical approaches available for vancomycin personalized dosing, including techniques based on therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical decision support systems, novel technical methods, and the latest dynamic dosing techniques developed by our research team based on individualized dosing models. Through an organized review of existing research, this paper identifies the challenges faced in achieving broader implementation of personalized dosing. It is hoped that this study will provide valuable insights for achieving personalized vancomycin dosing in patients with malignant hematological diseases, thereby advancing clinical practice and technological development in this field.

vancomycin  /  hematologic malignancies  /  individualized dosing  /  therapeutic drug monitoring  /  population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic  /  individualized dose model
宋香清, 颜仕鹏, 韩蜜, 曾媚姿, 杨涛, 张伍林, 谭雨, 龙明辉. 成人恶性血液病患者万古霉素药动学特征、群体药动学模型及个体化与动态化给药研究进展. 中国临床药理学杂志, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2379 -2385 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.023
Xiang-qing SONG, Shi-peng YAN, Mi HAN, Mei-zi ZENG, Tao YANG, Wu-lin ZHANG, Yu TAN, Ming-hui LONG. Advances in pharmacokinetic characteristics, population pharmacokinetic modelling and individualized and dynamic dosing of vancomycin in adult patients with hematologic malignancies[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2379 -2385 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.023
恶性血液病(hematologic malignancies,HM)患者体内万古霉素(vancomycin,VAN)药动学(pharmacokinetics,PK)变化较大,如VAN清除率(clearance rate,CLvan)显著增高,导致常规给药剂量下VAN的谷浓度往往处于亚治疗水平[1],进而引发治疗失败并促进耐药菌的产生。因此,HM患者应根据VAN的PK特性实施个体化给药[1]。然而,由于HM患者因疾病类型及治疗方案的差异,其生理生化状态会动态变化[2-3],这进一步导致VAN的PK参数、药物暴露水平及其相关的疗效与药物不良反应波动。因此,这类患者需要根据VAN PK参数的变化进行动态给药调整。然而,目前包括中国、日本、加拿大和美国在内的多个国家或地区的VAN用药指南、共识或观点中,均未对HM患者的VAN个体化与动态化使用提供明确的指导[4-7],尤其是针对成人患者的研究与规范仍显不足。本文聚焦于成人HM患者,系统综述了其VAN PK特性及群体药动学(population pharmacokinetics,popPK)特征,并探讨了目前可用于实现VAN个体化给药的技术手段,以期为该类患者合理使用VAN提供参考依据。
HM患者的VAN PK特性可能因癌症的影响而发生显著变化。IZUMISAWA等[8]通过对261名HM与非HM患者的VAN PK数据进行比较,发现HM患者CLvan显著升高(均值0.055 vs. 0.051 L·h-1·kg-1P<0.05),而稳态表观分布容积(steady-state apparent distribution volume,Vdss)与非HM患者相当(均值1.81 vs. 1.84 L·kg-1P > 0.05)。这一结果得到了后续3项研究的进一步证实[9-11]。然而,AL-KOFIDE等[12]对18名成人癌症患者(包括14名白血病、2名淋巴瘤、1名乳腺癌与1名结肠癌患者)和13名成人非癌症患者的VAN PK数据研究显示,癌症患者的CLvan(均值110.1 vs. 71.2 mL·min-1P<0.05)和Vdss(均值70 vs. 31.1 L,P<0.05)均显著高于非癌症患者,而消除速率常数和半衰期无显著差异。类似地,BUELGA等[13]对215名HM患者的1 004份VAN治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM)数据分析表明,HM患者的CLvan和Vdss均高于其他成人患者。LE等[14]对10例成人中性粒细胞减少(neutropenia,Neu)患者(包括6例霍奇金或非霍奇金淋巴瘤,3例急性淋巴瘤和1例多发性骨髓瘤患者)的VAN PK研究也发现,这些患者的CLvan和Vdss均高于普通患者。然而,JARKOWSKI等[15]对25名急性髓系白血病(acute myelogenous leukemia,AML)患者的VAN PK研究却显示,AML患者的Vdss与非白血病患者并无显著差异,且当使用每单位肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance rate,CLcr)的CLvan进行分析时,癌症患者的CLvan较非癌症患者低21%。HE等[1]通过纳入23项HM或Neu患者使用VAN的研究进行系统评价,发现5项研究显示这些患者中32%~88%常规使用VAN处于亚治疗水平,11项研究显示他们具有较高的CLvan,但Vdss与对照组相当。
此外,癌症还可能通过影响体内生化指标改变VAN的分布。袁舟亮等[16]通过对136例血液病患者(其中HM 106例,包括淋巴细胞血液病62例和非淋巴细胞血液病44例)的血清蛋白水平进行分析,发现HM患者的中位白蛋白水平显著低于同期健康体检者对照组(37.8 vs. 42.5 g·L-1P<0.05),且淋巴细胞血液病组的白蛋白水平低于非淋巴细胞血液病组(36.8 vs. 38.6 g·L-1P<0.05)。这提示,HM患者因低白蛋白水平可能导致体内VAN的游离药物水平升高,进而改变其组织分布状态。
尽管VAN的popPK模型已有上百个[17],但针对成人HM患者的研究仍然较少。BUELGA等[13]通过对215名HM患者的1 004份VAN浓度数据进行分析,发现体重(body weight,BW)影响Vdss,而基于CLcr(采用Cockcroft-Gault公式计算)评估的肾功能和AML诊断对CLvan具有显著影响。基于此,他们为成人HM患者建立了一种通用popPK模型和2种针对AML患者的特定模型(分别设为AML-1与AML-2):①通用模型:CLvan=1.08×CLcr,Vdss=0.98×BW;②AML-1模型:CLvan=0.49×BW×SCR0.87×Age-0.49(SCR为血清肌酐,Age为年龄;若为男性,结果再×1.08),Vdss=1.06×BW;AML-2模型:CLvan=1.17×CLcr,Vdss=0.97×BW。研究还指出,由于HM患者CLvan和Vdss的显著增高,标准VAN给药方案可能并非其最佳方案。ALQAHTANI等[10]通过对147名患者(包括73名癌症,其中39名为HM,以及74名非癌症患者)的448份VAN样本数据进行分析,并结合药动学/药效学(pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics,PK/PD)建模与蒙特卡洛模拟评估VAN方案,为癌症患者建立了CLvan的popPK模型:CLvan = 7.40×(CLcr/99.90)0.21。研究指出,由于癌症患者CLvan显著升高,可能需要高于标准剂量的VAN。TSUDA等[18]分析了326例患者(包括105例HM和221例实体瘤患者)的608份VAN浓度数据,为合并败血症的恶性肿瘤患者建立了CLvan的popPK模型:CLvan=2.80× (CLcr/4.20)0.80 × fqSOFA(qSOFA为快速连续器官衰竭评估评分,当qSOFA = 0时fqSOFA取值1,当qSOFA ≥ 1时fqSOFA取值0)。研究认为,qSOFA可能有助于提高基于该模型的VAN剂量预测性能,但其影响远小于基于CLcr评估的肾功能对CLvan的贡献。BELABBAS等[11]通过纳入75篇文献,分析了148例癌症患者(其中57例患有AML,121例伴Neu,59例肾清除率增加[CLcr ≥ 130 mL·min-1],11例中度肾功能损害[30≤CLcr ≤ 60 mL·min-1],1例重度肾功能损害[CLcr < 30 mL·min-1])的681份VAN血液样本,为伴有Neu和肾清除率增加的HM患者建立了popPK模型:Vdss=122×(BW/70),CLvan=3.09× (CLcr/90)0.973 × 1.15AML × 1.07Neu(无肾清除率增加时)或CLvan = 3.09 × (CLcr/90)0.973 × 1.15AML × 1.13Neu(有肾清除率增加时)。研究指出,无论患者肾功能如何,AML患者相比非AML患者需增加15%的VAN剂量,而Neu患者相比非Neu患者仅在肾清除率增加时需额外增加10%的VAN剂量。林良沫等[19]基于77例Neu患者(其中72例为HM患者)的152份VAN血液样本,为HM伴Neu患者建立了popPK模型:CLvan=6.84×(BW/70)0.75× (CLcr/116)0.895,中央室表观分布容积V1 = 20.5 × (BW/70),外周室表观分布容积V2 = 50 × (BW/70)。
综上所述,尽管针对成人HM患者的VAN popPK研究仍显不足,但已有研究为实现个体化给药提供了重要的理论依据。未来仍需进一步研究以优化针对该类患者的VAN给药方案。
狭义的个体化给药通常指给予正确的剂量。目前中国、日本、加拿大、美国等国家的VAN指南、共识或观点[4-7]中,对成人HM患者如何实施个体化给药缺乏明确的指导和参考依据。对此,共识性做法是采用现行个体化给药技术,主要包括以下几种技术:传统的基于TDM的技术、基于popPK/PD模型的临床决策支持系统,以及闭环控制与人工智能等新型技术。最近,我们课题组建立了VAN个体化剂量模型与动态化给药策略[20],能够直接计算VAN的个体化剂量并实现动态化给药,为临床实践提供了一种新的补充技术。
传统的个体化给药技术通常依赖治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM)[21]。基于谷浓度监测的个体化给药技术通常根据单点CT-SS是否达到目标范围(通常10~20 mg·L-1)来调整后续剂量以实现个体化给药[22]。然而,目前单点谷浓度监测已不再被推荐作为VAN用药的监测指标,但其仍具有一定的参考价值。这是因为根据日AUC(设为AUC24 h)和日剂量的粗略公式(AUC24 h=CT-SS×24,日剂量=AUC24 h×CLvan),上述谷浓度范围可粗略预测AUC24 h与最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的比值(AUC24 h/MIC)是否能达到400~600 mg·h-1·L-1(目前较为推荐的VAN监测指标),并据此计算所需日剂量。然而,在实践操作中,基于该方法的个体化给药通常采用以下方式:根据监测的CT-SS与目标值的偏差,通过上下取整或四舍五入的方式(通常为每剂±500 mg或给药间隔±4 h或±2 h)调整后续的剂量以实现个体化给药。这种 “一刀切”的剂量调整方法实际上并非真正意义上的个体化给药,原因在于:①±500 mg的剂量调整跨度并非基于个体实际需求的精确调整值,而是一个便于给药操作的近似值;②该方法可能并不适用于所有患者,因为个体间生理和病理差异导致的VAN PK变异通常较大;③该方法未充分考虑剂量个体化调整的本质,即应根据个体PK变化甚至连续动态变化特性,进行连续动态的剂量调整,而非以一个固定的±500 mg(或类似的易于操作的剂量)作为截断值来替代应连续调整的需求剂量。实际上,单点CT-SS并不总是与推荐的监测指标AUC24 h呈正相关[23]。这使得通过CT-SS预测AUC24 h并确定后续剂量面临一定的挑战。因此,一种更为精准的个体化给药技术逐渐被推荐和应用,即通过峰浓度和谷浓度,利用经典的PK公式或贝叶斯预测方法,获得较单点CT-SS更为准确的AUC24 h,并据此制定VAN剂量。这就是基于AUC监测的个体化给药技术[24-25]。然而,该方法在实际操作中仍面临一定难度:其一,需在同一PK处置相(如消除相)先后监测峰浓度和谷浓度;其二,需借助专业的贝叶斯软件进行AUC24 h的计算和剂量制定。此外,该方法涉及的多点取样监测、专业软件的使用及较高的操作技能要求,使其在临床实践中的广泛应用仍具有一定难度。
目前,基于最大后验-贝叶斯预测的个体化给药技术是应用最为成熟的技术手段之一,其在VAN个体化给药中的应用已有众多研究报道[26-31]。基于此技术,已有多个在线临床决策支持系统开发并投入使用,为VAN个体化给药提供了基于AUC的剂量计算服务。这些系统包括但不限于:ClinCalc (https://clincalc.com/)、VancoPK (https://www.vancopk.com/)、Vancovanco calculator (https://www.vancovanco.com/)、GlobalRPh (https://globalrph.com/medcalcs/vancomycin-dosing-bayesian-analysis/)、Vancomycin dosing calculator (https://surgicalcriticalcare.net/vancomycin.html)、JavaPK (https://www.pkpd168.com/jpkd)、TDMx (https://tdmx.shinyapps.io/vancomycin/)、Detroit Calculator (https://mad-id.org/vancomycin/implementation-resources/)、ID-ODS (https://motyocska.shinyapps.io/idods/)。尽管这些系统为VAN个体化给药提供了便利,但它们均基于特定的popPK模型运行。需要注意的是,特定的popPK模型往往仅适用于特定的患者群体[32],其建立通常基于有限的目标群体数据,在不同群体中的适用性和预测准确性尚未得到充分验证[33]。因此,当应用于非模型适用群体时,其预测准确性可能显著降低。何娜等[34]对包括ClinCalc、Vancovanco calculator、GlobalRPh和JavaPK在内的10个用于VAN个体化给药的临床决策支持系统进行了评估,结果显示这些系统在初始剂量和调整剂量的预测准确性方面均不理想。此外,由于这些系统通常采用不同的popPK模型进行计算,即使针对同一患者,不同系统返回的预测结果也可能存在显著差异。目前,专门为HM患者提供临床决策支持的系统包括JPKD、ClinCalc(https://clinealc.com)、DoseMeRx (https://doseme.com.au)、RxStudio (https://rx.studio)和VancoCalc (https://vancocalc.com),但它们均采用Buelga建立的popPK模型(见前文所述)进行预测。至于其他系统及其采用的popPK模型是否适用于HM患者,目前尚缺乏相关研究报道。尽管基于贝叶斯预测的临床决策支持系统在技术上已较为成熟,但其在临床实践中的广泛应用仍面临诸多挑战。主要问题包括[35]: ①缺乏严格的临床验证:用于临床决策的VAN popPK模型通常缺乏前瞻性、多中心、大样本的随机对照试验验证,其临床性能尚待进一步确认;②临床工作整合障碍:将该系统纳入临床工作流程涉及诸多环节,包括随访评估、样本采集与检测、给药方案制订、信息交互、患者的隐私保护与知情同意,以及超说明书用药等,这些均增加了实际应用的复杂性。此外,目前尚无充分证据表明某一系统较其他系统在预测性能和不同群体适应性方面具有显著优势,且缺乏严格的临床验证支持其预测的准确性。这使得临床使用者对系统预测结果的可靠性产生担忧,进一步限制了其在临床实践中的广泛应用。
近年来,闭环控制系统与人工智能等新型技术被用于探索个体化给药。HERRERO等[36]开发了1种基于闭环控制系统的个体化给药技术,该技术集生物传感与实时TDM于一体,通过生物传感器的实时TDM,实时应对抗菌药物PK变异,优化给药方案,从而突破了传统TDM离体监测的限制。这一技术在个体化用药领域展现出巨大潜力。然而,该技术仍面临诸多挑战,例如生物传感器易受人体生物污染和外界电子与机械干扰的影响,可能影响监测结果的准确性。此外,闭环控制系统在抗菌药物领域的应用仍处于概念验证阶段,距离临床实际应用可能仍需较长时间。在人工智能引导的个体化给药技术中,机器学习的应用最为广泛。已有学者采用决策树分析、随机森林算法和衍生标签法等机器学习算法,构建了VAN的剂量模型[37-40],为人工智能在VAN个体化给药中的应用奠定了基础。然而,不同机器学习算法的优缺点尚未完全明确,目前尚无定论哪种算法的预测性能最佳[40]。此外,现有算法仍缺乏严格的临床验证,其在个体化用药领域的实际应用仍需进一步探索和验证[40]
本研究课题组基于PK/PD理论和TDM,建立了VAN个体化剂量模型,并提出了基于该模型的个体化与动态化给药预测策略[20]。该个体化剂量模型包括一个通用模型(定义为CDM-1)和3个衍生模型(定义为CDM-2、CDM-3和CDM-4),其中CDM-1和CDM-2与浓度无关,而CDM-3和CDM-4与浓度相关。各模型的具体表达可参考本课题组的前期研究[20]。CDM-1可根据是否获得PK参数,精确或粗略预测个体剂量。CDM-2揭示了在CLvan和K的popPK模型下,如何根据个体PK参数和PK/PD目标确定给药剂量。CDM-3和CDM-4则表明了如何根据初始剂量及其CT-SS和PK/PD目标计算后续剂量。然而,这3个衍生模型均具有如下特点:①依赖于CLvan和/或K的popPK模型以及/或TDM;②表明剂量随CLcrCT-SS的变化而调整。这提示,在肝肾功能稳定的情况下,可采用固定剂量,因为此时理论上CLcr和CT-SS是恒定的;而在肝肾功能不稳定的情况下,则应动态调整剂量。这一理念正是个体化与动态化给药的核心思想。同时,目前这些模型仍处于构建阶段,其在临床实践中的应用效果及其可行性尚需进一步研究验证。
HM患者常表现出VAN体内PK特征的显著改变,导致VAN剂量依赖的安全性、有效性和细菌耐药性呈现不可预测的变化。个体化给药技术在理论上可解决这些问题,但目前的主流和新型个体化给药技术,如基于TDM、模型引导以及闭环控制系统与人工智能的技术方案,由于其固有缺陷尚未实现个体化给药的临床转化或在临床实践中得到广泛应用。因此,未来的VAN个体化给药技术的发展应聚焦于克服现有技术的局限性。临床决策支持系统作为目前发展和应用较为成熟的个体化给药策略之一,但其在医疗数据保护与共享方面存在潜在问题,这不仅成为其发展与应用的障碍,也是医疗健康行业长期以来面临的重要挑战。区块链技术与医疗健康的集成为知识库的标准化建设和长期更新提供了可行的解决方案。凭借其交易可追溯性、去中心化、不可篡改性和开放使用等特点,区块链技术成功解决了医疗数据加密、数据共享以及记录可追溯性等关键问题[41]。基于区块链技术,并借助智能医疗技术,将数据互认的标准化临床决策支持系统集成至医院信息系统中,可实现对患者特征、医嘱信息、化验结果等数据的直接读取与实时导入。这一技术不仅促进了医疗机构间的信息交流与传输,还为给药方案的设计与修改提供了支持,从而提高了模型预测的精确度。这一创新模式有望在未来的临床决策支持系统的发展中发挥关键作用[41-42]
此外,多种技术的互补性组合也是实现个体化给药的重要策略。例如,机器学习与popPK结合,以及通过机器学习筛选变量,可显著增强模型的预测性能[43],从而为精准用药提供可能性。再如,在目标人群的PK/PD数据有限的情况下,生理药动学模型和定量系统药理学等建模技术可用于初步预测和制定给药方案,而随着相关数据的不断积累,基于popPK/PD、人工智能的建模和模拟技术可用于进一步优化和改进给药方案,以此逐步实现精准给药[44-45]。此外,个体化剂量模型联合蒙特卡洛模拟方法理论上也可实现个体化的VAN剂量估计,这一策略也值得进一步探索。总之,个体化给药技术不应仅被视为独立的工具,而是应通过综合应用来实现其最大价值。随着生物传感技术与人工智能的快速发展、医疗大数据时代的到来,以及大型popPK模型的开发与验证,我们相信目前最先进的技术,即结合实时TDM与生物传感技术的闭环控制技术,以及人工智能驱动的临床决策支持系统,将克服种种障碍,提供更加精确的给药建议,从而真正实现VAN的个体化给药。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2023JJ60465)
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2025年第41卷第16期
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doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.023
  • 接收时间:2024-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-25
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湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2023JJ60465)
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    1a.湖南省肿瘤医院 药学部,湖南 长沙 410013
    1b.湖南省肿瘤医院 肿瘤防治办公室,湖南 长沙 410013

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龙明辉,主任药师 Tel:(0731) 89762621 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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