Article(id=1246531408324350162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775125847177, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775125847177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775125847177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125847177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246531406415941821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, year='2025', volume='41', issue='16', pageStart='2251', pageEnd='2400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775125846723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125956861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2357, endPage=2362, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246531408739586269, articleId=1246531408324350162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, language=EN, title=Study status in the penetration of antimicrobials into bone tissue, columnId=1246531408630534361, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bone-related infections represent a significant challenge in orthopedic practice, and the penetration efficacy of antimicrobials into bone tissue serves as a critical determinant of therapeutic outcomes. This review systematically summarizes the bone penetration characteristics of clinically used antimicrobial agents. Current evidence indicates that most β-lactam antibiotics demonstrate bone penetration rates ranging from 10% to 50%, while fluoroquinolones exhibit higher penetration at 30%-100%. Vancomycin and teicoplanin display penetration rates between 10% and 40%. Notably, clindamycin, linezolid and rifampicin achieve penetration rates exceeding 30%. Multiple factors influence drug penetration characteristics, including anatomical bone site variations, local blood perfusion status, patients’ pathophysiological conditions, as well as administration routes and dosage regimens.

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骨相关感染是骨科领域的重要难题,抗菌药物在骨组织中的渗透性是决定疗效的关键因素之一。本文对临床常用抗菌药物的骨组织渗透性进行归纳总结,现有数据显示,大部分β-内酰胺类抗菌药物骨组织渗透率在10%~50%,喹诺酮类相对较高为30%~100%,万古霉素和替考拉宁位于10%~40%,此外,克林霉素、利奈唑胺和利福平渗透率均可达30%以上。骨组织不同部位、周围血供情况、受试者病理生理状态、给药途径和给药剂量在一定程度上都可能会影响药物的渗透性。

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朱华,主任药师,硕士生导师 Tel: (0514)87373400 E-mail:
张晅,副主任药师 MP: 18051062187 E-mail:
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高翔(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事临床药学相关研究

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J Antimicrob Chemother, 2006, 57(5): 950-954., articleTitle=Penetration of moxifloxacin into bone in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531420886291178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=20, issue=3, pageStart=1509, pageEnd=1518, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=LANDERSDORFER C B, LEE W L, NATION R L, journalName=Mol Pharm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LANDERSDORFER C B, LEE W L, NATION R L, et al. Penetration of vancomycin into noninfected bone in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty evaluated by a minimal physiologically based population pharmacokinetic modeling approach [J]. Mol Pharm, 2023, 20(3): 1509-1518., articleTitle=Penetration of vancomycin into noninfected bone in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty evaluated by a minimal physiologically based population pharmacokinetic modeling approach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531420965982958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1988, volume=32, issue=9, pageStart=1320, pageEnd=1322, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=GRAZIANI A L, LAWSON L A, GIBSON G A, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRAZIANI A L, LAWSON L A, GIBSON G A, et al. Vancomycin concentrations in infected and noninfected human bone [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1988, 32(9): 1320-1322., articleTitle=Vancomycin concentrations in infected and noninfected human bone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421075034872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=37, issue=12, pageStart=2693, pageEnd=2698, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=PELLIZZER G, VIOLA R, RIGON A, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PELLIZZER G, VIOLA R, RIGON A, et al. Regional and systemic prophylaxis with teicoplanin in monolateral and bilateral total knee replacement procedures: Study of pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993,37(12):2693-2698., articleTitle=Regional and systemic prophylaxis with teicoplanin in monolateral and bilateral total knee replacement procedures: Study of pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421217641216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=118, issue=1-2, pageStart=32, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=NEHRER S, THALHAMMER F, SCHWAMEIS E, journalName=Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NEHRER S, THALHAMMER F, SCHWAMEIS E, et al. Teicoplanin in the prevention of infection in total hip replacement [J]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1998,118 (1-2): 32-36., articleTitle=Teicoplanin in the prevention of infection in total hip replacement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421293138691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=50, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=LI Y, LEI G, DONG W, journalName=BMC Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Y, LEI G, DONG W, et al. Differential distribution of linezolid in diseased and nondiseased bones in patients with spinal tuberculosis [J/OL]. BMC Infect Dis, 2024, 24(1): 50. 2024-01-05[2025-03-05].https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08970-x, articleTitle=Differential distribution of linezolid in diseased and nondiseased bones in patients with spinal tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421372830470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=73, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=LOVERING A M, journalName=J Antimicrob Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LOVERING A M. Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat, muscle and haematoma of patients undergoing routine hip replacement [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2002, 50(1): 73-77., articleTitle=Penetration of linezolid into bone, fat, muscle and haematoma of patients undergoing routine hip replacement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421444133646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1975, volume=8, issue=2, pageStart=220, pageEnd=221, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=NICHOLAS P, MEYERS B R, LEVY R N, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NICHOLAS P, MEYERS B R, LEVY R N, et al. Concentration of clindamycin in human bone [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1975, 8(2): 220-221., articleTitle=Concentration of clindamycin in human bone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421561574167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1975, volume=null, issue=111, pageStart=142, pageEnd=146, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=SCHURMAN D J, JOHNSON B L J R, FINERMAN G, journalName=Clin Orthop Relat Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SCHURMAN D J, JOHNSON B L J R, FINERMAN G, et al. Antibiotic bone penetration. Concentrations of methicillin and clindamycin phosphate in human bone taken during total hip replacement [J].Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1975,(111):142-146., articleTitle=Antibiotic bone penetration. Concentrations of methicillin and clindamycin phosphate in human bone taken during total hip replacement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421641265947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=58, issue=7, pageStart=3991, pageEnd=3996, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=MONTANGE D, BERTHIER F, LECLERC G, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MONTANGE D, BERTHIER F, LECLERC G, et al. Penetration of daptomycin into bone and synovial fluid in joint replacement [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58(7): 3991-3996., articleTitle=Penetration of daptomycin into bone and synovial fluid in joint replacement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421741929246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=65, issue=6, pageStart=1252, pageEnd=1257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=TRAUNMULLER F, SCHINTLER M V, METZLER J, journalName=J Antimicrob Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TRAUNMULLER F, SCHINTLER M V, METZLER J, et al. Soft tissue and bone penetration abilities of daptomycin in diabetic patients with bacterial foot infections [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2010, 65(6): 1252-1257., articleTitle=Soft tissue and bone penetration abilities of daptomycin in diabetic patients with bacterial foot infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421813232416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1984, volume=13, issue=suppl C, pageStart=23, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=CLUZEL R A, LOPITAUX R, SIROT J, journalName=J Antimicrob Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CLUZEL R A, LOPITAUX R, SIROT J, et al. Rifampicin in the treatment of osteoarticular infections due to staphylococci [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1984, 13(suppl C): 23-29., articleTitle=Rifampicin in the treatment of osteoarticular infections due to staphylococci, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531421909701416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1984, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=358, pageEnd=365, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=ROTH B, journalName=Chemotherapy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROTH B. Penetration of parenterally administered rifampicin into bone tissue [J].Chemotherapy, 1984,30(6):358-365., articleTitle=Penetration of parenterally administered rifampicin into bone tissue, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246531416599712254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, awardId=202495035, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省药学会-药研新声药学科研基金资助项目(202495035), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246531411029676276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411042259190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411029676276, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.The Yangzhou School of Clinical Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411054842103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411029676276, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.大连医科大学 扬州临床医学院,江苏 扬州 225001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1246531411147116795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411163894013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411147116795, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, Liaoning Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411172282622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411147116795, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.大连医科大学 药学院,辽宁 大连 116000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1246531411247780098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411256168707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411247780098, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical Umiversity, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411264557317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411247780098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国药科大学 基础医学与临床药学学院,江苏 南京 211198)]), AuthorCompany(id=1246531411373609225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411386192139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411373609225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411394580747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411373609225, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.皖南医学院 药学院,安徽 芜湖 241002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1246531411491049742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411495244047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411491049742, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.Department of Pharmacy, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531411507826960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, companyId=1246531411491049742, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.江苏省苏北人民医院 药学部,江苏 扬州 225001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246531416155115989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Bone tissue penetration data of commonly used β-Lactam antibiotics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticSampling time
(min)
Cancellous Bone concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Cortical Bone Concentration
(mg·kg-1 )
Average bone concentration
(mg·kg-1 )
Plasma/Serum concentration
(mg·L-1)
Bone-to-plasma/serum ratio
Penicillins
Amoxicillin[8]0-150--Maxillary bone: 0.28-3.46
Mandibular bone: 0.11-1.89
1.24-13.92
1.03-8.82
Maxillary bone: 0.26
Mandibular bone: 0.16
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid[9]0-30041.833.3-Amoxicillin: 0.40 Clavulanic acid: 0.20
Piperacillin/Tazobactam30-240[10]--9.0 and 1.214.0-309.0 and 2.8-34.0Piperacillin: 0.15 Tazobactam: 0.13
30-60[11]21.3 and 3.818.7 and 2.3-98.5-164 and 9.4-15.2Piperacillin (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.23/0.18
Tazobactam (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.26/0.22
87[12]18.9 and 2.015.1 and 2.0-68.5 and 7.8Piperacillin (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.30/0.20
Tazobactam (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.30/0.30
Cephalosporins
Cefazolin30-100[13]--22.4170.30.13
15[14]--7.7530.145
Cefuroxime120-130[15]--2.416.60.14
<30[15]--25.2104.00.23
60-240[16]--3.8-15.510.0-52.20.30-0.55
Ceftriaxone90-480[17]30.8
(mg·L-1
9.6
(mg·L-1
-128.4Cancellous bone:0.24 Cortical bone: 0.08
10-30[18]--15.2-20.9
(mg·L-1
103.7-153.70.11-0.17
CeftazidimeHip: 0-50
Knee: 0-30[19]
--13.1-14.8
12.4-20.5
36.7-63.7
45.9-80.5
0.21-0.38
0.14-0.45
---Ischemic bone: 4.64-7.08[20]22.04Ischemic bone: 0.25
Cefepime[21]9073.5
(mg·L-1
67.7
(mg·L-1
-72.9Cancellous bone: 1.06 Cortical bone: 0.87
Carbapenems
Meropenem30-60[22]--1.4-4.06.0-11.2-
---Ischemic bone: 4.72-8.57[20]29.25-
), ArticleFig(id=1246531416264167903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用β-内酰胺类抗菌药物骨组织渗透性数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticSampling time
(min)
Cancellous Bone concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Cortical Bone Concentration
(mg·kg-1 )
Average bone concentration
(mg·kg-1 )
Plasma/Serum concentration
(mg·L-1)
Bone-to-plasma/serum ratio
Penicillins
Amoxicillin[8]0-150--Maxillary bone: 0.28-3.46
Mandibular bone: 0.11-1.89
1.24-13.92
1.03-8.82
Maxillary bone: 0.26
Mandibular bone: 0.16
Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid[9]0-30041.833.3-Amoxicillin: 0.40 Clavulanic acid: 0.20
Piperacillin/Tazobactam30-240[10]--9.0 and 1.214.0-309.0 and 2.8-34.0Piperacillin: 0.15 Tazobactam: 0.13
30-60[11]21.3 and 3.818.7 and 2.3-98.5-164 and 9.4-15.2Piperacillin (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.23/0.18
Tazobactam (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.26/0.22
87[12]18.9 and 2.015.1 and 2.0-68.5 and 7.8Piperacillin (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.30/0.20
Tazobactam (Cancellous/Cortical bone): 0.30/0.30
Cephalosporins
Cefazolin30-100[13]--22.4170.30.13
15[14]--7.7530.145
Cefuroxime120-130[15]--2.416.60.14
<30[15]--25.2104.00.23
60-240[16]--3.8-15.510.0-52.20.30-0.55
Ceftriaxone90-480[17]30.8
(mg·L-1
9.6
(mg·L-1
-128.4Cancellous bone:0.24 Cortical bone: 0.08
10-30[18]--15.2-20.9
(mg·L-1
103.7-153.70.11-0.17
CeftazidimeHip: 0-50
Knee: 0-30[19]
--13.1-14.8
12.4-20.5
36.7-63.7
45.9-80.5
0.21-0.38
0.14-0.45
---Ischemic bone: 4.64-7.08[20]22.04Ischemic bone: 0.25
Cefepime[21]9073.5
(mg·L-1
67.7
(mg·L-1
-72.9Cancellous bone: 1.06 Cortical bone: 0.87
Carbapenems
Meropenem30-60[22]--1.4-4.06.0-11.2-
---Ischemic bone: 4.72-8.57[20]29.25-
), ArticleFig(id=1246531416352248295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Bone tissue penetration data of commonly used fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, and other antimicrobial agents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticSampling time
(min)
Cancellous bone concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Cortical bone concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Average bone Concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Plasma/Serum Concentration
(mg·L-1)
Bone-to-plasma/serum ratio
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin30-1200[23]0.224-14.6
(mg·L-1
0.176-5.98
(mg·L-1
--Cancellous bone: 0.77、4.4 Cortical bone: 0.67、5.1
60-780[24]-1.07---
Levofloxacin72[25]7.43.9-7.5Cancellous bone: 1.0 Cortical bone: 0.5
120[26]3.152.44-5.92Cancellous bone: 0.54 Cortical bone: 0.42
90[27]6.62.8-8.6Cancellous bone: 0.77 Cortical bone: 0.33
Moxifloxacin120[26]1.621.17-3.02Cancellous bone: 0.54 Cortical bone: 0.34
120-240[28]1.81-1.89
(mg·L-1
1.43-1.56
(mg·L-1
-3.45-3.73Cancellous bone:0.50-0.52 Cortical bone: 0.42-0.44
120 and 840[28]2.97(mg·L-12.54(mg·L-16.26Cancellous bone: 0.48 Cortical bone: 0.40
Glycopeptides
Vancomycin100-215[29]--1.94-37.0(mg·L-19.30-86.6Average bone: 0.41 Cancellous bone: 0.44 Cortical bone: 0.36
0-185[30]2.31.14-22.1Cancellous bone: 0.13 Cortical bone: 0.07
TeicoplaninSystemic: 6-90[31]--Systemic: 1.3-2.5Systemic: 7.3-9.3-
Regional: 17-101[31]--Regional: 7.5-12.7Regional: 3.5-14.7-
20-190[32]7.97.1-14.7-81.3-
Others
Linezolid150[33]--Diseased bone: 2.13(mg·L-1
Nondiseased bone: 1.01(mg·L-1
8.23Diseased bone: 0.49 Nondiseased bone: 0.26
10-30[34]--6.3-9.1(mg·L-1)14.3-19.20.47-0.60
Clindamycin60[35]--2.637.330.40
120[36]3.773.87-8.51Cancellous bone: 0.45 Cortical bone: 0.44
Daptomycin438[37]--3.339.30.14
0-960[38]--4.7(mg·L-1)72.916 h:1.08 24 h:1.17
Rifampicin180[39]1.22.9-7.8Cancellous bone: 0.41 Cortical bone: 0.20
115-325[40]--Uninfected bone: 3.24 Infected bone: 3.86Uninfected bone: 9.35 Infected bone: 7.46Uninfected bone: 0.35 Infected bone: 0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1246531416461300210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531408324350162, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常用氟喹诺酮类、糖肽类等抗菌药物骨组织渗透性数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AntibioticSampling time
(min)
Cancellous bone concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Cortical bone concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Average bone Concentration
(mg·kg-1)
Plasma/Serum Concentration
(mg·L-1)
Bone-to-plasma/serum ratio
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin30-1200[23]0.224-14.6
(mg·L-1
0.176-5.98
(mg·L-1
--Cancellous bone: 0.77、4.4 Cortical bone: 0.67、5.1
60-780[24]-1.07---
Levofloxacin72[25]7.43.9-7.5Cancellous bone: 1.0 Cortical bone: 0.5
120[26]3.152.44-5.92Cancellous bone: 0.54 Cortical bone: 0.42
90[27]6.62.8-8.6Cancellous bone: 0.77 Cortical bone: 0.33
Moxifloxacin120[26]1.621.17-3.02Cancellous bone: 0.54 Cortical bone: 0.34
120-240[28]1.81-1.89
(mg·L-1
1.43-1.56
(mg·L-1
-3.45-3.73Cancellous bone:0.50-0.52 Cortical bone: 0.42-0.44
120 and 840[28]2.97(mg·L-12.54(mg·L-16.26Cancellous bone: 0.48 Cortical bone: 0.40
Glycopeptides
Vancomycin100-215[29]--1.94-37.0(mg·L-19.30-86.6Average bone: 0.41 Cancellous bone: 0.44 Cortical bone: 0.36
0-185[30]2.31.14-22.1Cancellous bone: 0.13 Cortical bone: 0.07
TeicoplaninSystemic: 6-90[31]--Systemic: 1.3-2.5Systemic: 7.3-9.3-
Regional: 17-101[31]--Regional: 7.5-12.7Regional: 3.5-14.7-
20-190[32]7.97.1-14.7-81.3-
Others
Linezolid150[33]--Diseased bone: 2.13(mg·L-1
Nondiseased bone: 1.01(mg·L-1
8.23Diseased bone: 0.49 Nondiseased bone: 0.26
10-30[34]--6.3-9.1(mg·L-1)14.3-19.20.47-0.60
Clindamycin60[35]--2.637.330.40
120[36]3.773.87-8.51Cancellous bone: 0.45 Cortical bone: 0.44
Daptomycin438[37]--3.339.30.14
0-960[38]--4.7(mg·L-1)72.916 h:1.08 24 h:1.17
Rifampicin180[39]1.22.9-7.8Cancellous bone: 0.41 Cortical bone: 0.20
115-325[40]--Uninfected bone: 3.24 Infected bone: 3.86Uninfected bone: 9.35 Infected bone: 7.46Uninfected bone: 0.35 Infected bone: 0.52
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抗菌药物在骨组织中渗透性的研究进展
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高翔 1, 2 , 史怡冰 1, 2 , 刘春晴 3 , 汪茜 4 , 张晅 5 , 朱华 1, 5
中国临床药理学杂志 | 综述 2025,41(16): 2357-2362
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中国临床药理学杂志 | 综述 2025, 41(16): 2357-2362
抗菌药物在骨组织中渗透性的研究进展
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高翔1, 2, 史怡冰1, 2, 刘春晴3, 汪茜4, 张晅5 , 朱华1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.大连医科大学 扬州临床医学院,江苏 扬州 225001
  • 2.大连医科大学 药学院,辽宁 大连 116000
  • 3.中国药科大学 基础医学与临床药学学院,江苏 南京 211198
  • 4.皖南医学院 药学院,安徽 芜湖 241002
  • 5.江苏省苏北人民医院 药学部,江苏 扬州 225001
  • 高翔(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事临床药学相关研究

通讯作者:

朱华,主任药师,硕士生导师 Tel: (0514)87373400 E-mail:
张晅,副主任药师 MP: 18051062187 E-mail:
Study status in the penetration of antimicrobials into bone tissue
Xiang GAO1, 2, Yi-bing SHI1, 2, Chun-qing LIU3, Xi WANG4, Xuan ZHANG5 , Hua ZHU1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.The Yangzhou School of Clinical Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu Province, China
  • 2.School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116000, Liaoning Province, China
  • 3.School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical Umiversity, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu Province, China
  • 4.School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui Province, China
  • 5.Department of Pharmacy, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu Province, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.019
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骨相关感染是骨科领域的重要难题,抗菌药物在骨组织中的渗透性是决定疗效的关键因素之一。本文对临床常用抗菌药物的骨组织渗透性进行归纳总结,现有数据显示,大部分β-内酰胺类抗菌药物骨组织渗透率在10%~50%,喹诺酮类相对较高为30%~100%,万古霉素和替考拉宁位于10%~40%,此外,克林霉素、利奈唑胺和利福平渗透率均可达30%以上。骨组织不同部位、周围血供情况、受试者病理生理状态、给药途径和给药剂量在一定程度上都可能会影响药物的渗透性。

抗菌药物  /  骨  /  感染  /  渗透性

Bone-related infections represent a significant challenge in orthopedic practice, and the penetration efficacy of antimicrobials into bone tissue serves as a critical determinant of therapeutic outcomes. This review systematically summarizes the bone penetration characteristics of clinically used antimicrobial agents. Current evidence indicates that most β-lactam antibiotics demonstrate bone penetration rates ranging from 10% to 50%, while fluoroquinolones exhibit higher penetration at 30%-100%. Vancomycin and teicoplanin display penetration rates between 10% and 40%. Notably, clindamycin, linezolid and rifampicin achieve penetration rates exceeding 30%. Multiple factors influence drug penetration characteristics, including anatomical bone site variations, local blood perfusion status, patients’ pathophysiological conditions, as well as administration routes and dosage regimens.

antimicrobial agents  /  bone  /  infection  /  penetration
高翔, 史怡冰, 刘春晴, 汪茜, 张晅, 朱华. 抗菌药物在骨组织中渗透性的研究进展. 中国临床药理学杂志, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2357 -2362 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.019
Xiang GAO, Yi-bing SHI, Chun-qing LIU, Xi WANG, Xuan ZHANG, Hua ZHU. Study status in the penetration of antimicrobials into bone tissue[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2357 -2362 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.019
骨相关感染,包括内固定术后感染、人工关节假体周围感染、急慢性骨髓炎等,一直是骨科领域的一大难题。其病程复杂,治疗周期长且易反复发作,给患者带来沉重的生理、心理及经济负担。在骨感染的治疗中,清创手术等外科干预手段十分重要,合理选择抗菌药物同样也是治疗成功的关键因素之一[1]。由于骨组织特殊的生理结构,在选择药物时不仅要考虑药物的活性,还需评估其在骨组织中的渗透能力,即抗菌药物经血液循环进入骨组织并达到有效治疗浓度的能力。本文对常用抗菌药物的骨组织渗透性进行归纳总结,以期为临床骨感染治疗中抗菌药物的选择提供参考。
抗菌药物的渗透性与骨组织的生理特性密切相关。人体骨骼由有机物和无机物共同组成,其中约70%为无机成分,主要以羟基磷灰石(磷酸钙和碳酸钙)的形式存在;另外30%为有机部分,包括Ⅰ型胶原、糖蛋白、蛋白聚糖和细胞外液。因此,与钙或羟基磷灰石具有较高亲和性的药物可能更易于渗透至骨组织,在骨组织中达到较高的浓度。骨质根据其结构的致密程度可分为皮质骨与松质骨2类。皮质骨由多层紧密规则排列的骨板构成;松质骨则由骨板密度较低的薄层骨板交织排列构成,其骨小梁间隙中含有大量相互连通的毛细血管网,这种结构为抗菌药物提供了更加高效的渗透通道[2]。基于上述特征差异,绝大多数抗菌药物在松质骨中的渗透性明显优于皮质骨组织。
其次,药物的理化性质,包括分子量、脂溶性、代谢半衰期、扩散系数、血浆蛋白结合率及酸碱性等,都会对其在骨组织中的渗透性产生一定影响。通常情况下,分子量较小、脂溶性好、代谢半衰期长、扩散系数高且血浆蛋白结合率较低的药物更易渗透生物屏障,从而增加药物浓度,然而骨组织因其无机基质特性,这些理化性质对药物渗透性的影响程度可能弱于其他组织[3-4]。除此之外,药物酸碱性也会影响其渗透性,感染部位血管扩张无氧代谢增加、免疫细胞活动、病原体代谢及炎症介质间接作用等使局部酸性变强,酸碱性的改变会导致部分抗菌药物解离度降低而影响其渗透性[5]。值得注意的是,生理或病理状态下血浆蛋白水平会发生变化,通过调节药物与蛋白的结合状态,间接改变抗菌药物在骨组织中的渗透效率,从而对临床疗效产生潜在影响[6]
最后,在骨相关感染中,细菌会在感染部位形成由多糖、糖蛋白和细胞外脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)组成的生物膜,这种结构不仅能抵御宿主免疫系统的攻击,还会降低感染部位的代谢活性、限制抗菌药物的有效渗透,成为治疗骨感染的一大障碍,导致治疗难度显著增加[7]
研究表明,阿莫西林和克拉维酸均能有效地渗透到多种组织和体液中。在针对颌骨囊肿摘除术患者的研究中,术前给予单次500 mg阿莫西林口服后,上、下颌骨的骨/血清比值分别为0.26和0.16,上颌骨中的药物含量高于下颌骨[8]。WEISMEIER等[9]检测了全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)患者术前单次静脉输注2.2 g阿莫西林/克拉维酸(10:1)后股骨中的药物浓度,阿莫西林和克拉维酸相应骨/血浆比值分别为0.40和0.20。综上,阿莫西林和克拉维酸骨渗透率分别在15%~40%和20%左右。
一项研究显示在术前单次静脉输注4.5 g哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(8:1)后,哌拉西林和他唑巴坦的骨/血浆比值分别为0.15和0.13,且颌骨和髋骨之间的药物浓度没有显著差异[10]。对于THA的患者,术前给予单次3.375 g哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(8:1)静脉输注后,哌拉西林在松质骨和皮质骨的骨/血浆比值为0.23和0.18,他唑巴坦为0.26和0.22;当给予单次4.5 g哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(8:1)静脉输注后,哌拉西林在松质骨和皮质骨的骨/血浆比值为0.30和0.20,他唑巴坦则均为0.30,表明药物松质骨渗透性要优于皮质骨[11-12]。综上,哌拉西林和他唑巴坦的骨渗透率分别在15%~30%和10%~30%。
在一项以THA或全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)患者为主的研究中,术前单次静脉输注2 g头孢唑林,髋关节和膝关节的骨/血清比值分别为0.20和0.10,髋关节渗透性优于膝关节,这一差异可能与髋关节血流量大及骨密度较低有关[13]。POLK等[14]的研究中,术前单次静脉输注10 mg·kg-1的头孢唑林后,骨/血清比值可达0.15。综上,头孢唑林的骨渗透率为10%~20%。
LEIGH等[15]人探讨了不同给药剂量和途径对头孢呋辛渗透性的影响,在THA患者中,术前分别单次肌肉注射0.75 g、静脉输注1.5 g头孢呋辛,相应的骨/血清比值为0.14和0.23,表明静脉给药渗透性要优于肌肉注射,且渗透性随给药剂量的增加而增加。此外,一项针对骨科手术患者的研究发现,单次静脉输注1.5 g头孢呋辛后,1、2、3、4 h时骨/血清比值分别为0.30、0.54、0.55、0.38,骨渗透率和取样时间有关[16]。综上,头孢呋辛的骨渗透率在15%~55%,选择合适的给药途径及剂量对药物治疗效果十分重要。
相较于其他头孢菌素,头孢曲松有着更长的半衰期,可透过胎盘屏障和血脑屏障。在胫骨清创手术的研究中,给予头孢曲松2 g qd静脉输注后,松质骨、皮质骨的骨/血浆比值分别为0.24、0.08,松质骨渗透性明显优于皮质骨[17]。在另一项英国学者的研究中,立即或术前8 h给予THA患者头孢曲松1 g静脉输注后,骨/血液比值位于0.15~0.20之间[18]。综上,头孢曲松渗透率在10%-20%左右。
在THA和TKA患者的研究中,术前给予头孢他啶1 g静脉输注,术后于6、12 h再次分别肌肉注射500 mg,骨/血清比值在0.29左右,髋关节渗透性优于膝关节[19]。对于下肢缺血的截肢患者,术前给予头孢他啶2 g q8 h静脉输注,缺血骨/血清比值为0.25[20]。综上,头孢他啶骨渗透率在25%~30%,和缺血骨组织相比,正常组织血供丰富,渗透能力相对更好。
在THA患者的研究中,术前给予单次头孢吡肟2 g静脉输注,松质骨、皮质骨和血浆中药物浓度分别为73.5 mg·L-1、67.7 mg·L-1和72.9 mg·L-1,相应骨/血浆比值分别为1.06、0.87,药物在松质骨和皮质骨中均表现出很好的渗透性[21]。在上述文献中,头孢吡肟在骨中的渗透率可达80%以上,显著高于其他头孢菌素类抗菌药物,但其骨渗透性研究较少,还需要更多的研究来验证。
在骨科手术患者的相关研究中,术前单次静脉输注美罗培南0.5 g后,骨组织药物峰浓度可达同期血清浓度的50%[22]。对缺血骨组织的研究表明,在术前采用美罗培南1 g q8 h静脉滴注,骨/血浆比值在0.30左右[20]。综上,美罗培南在骨中的渗透率在30%~50%。
以上为常见β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的骨渗透率,其范围在10%~50%,渗透性数据总结见表1[8-22]
在骨科手术患者的研究中,术前单次静脉输注400 mg环丙沙星,皮质骨的骨/血浆比值在0.5~2 h、13~20 h的两个时间段分别为0.67、5.10,松质骨为0.77、4.40,随时间推移,骨骼中环丙沙星的浓度逐渐高于血浆中的浓度[23]。另外在化脓性中耳炎患者的研究中,术前口服环丙沙星500 mg q12 h,皮质骨浓度-时间曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)/血清AUC比值为0.63[24]。综上,环丙沙星在骨中的渗透率可达到60%以上,最高时可达血浆药物浓度5倍以上。
在针对THA患者的两项研究中,术前给予单次左氧氟沙星0.5 g静脉输注,松质骨的骨/血浆比值为0.54~1.00,皮质骨为0.42~0.50,松质骨渗透性要优于皮质骨[25-26]。对于骨科或褥疮清创手术的患者,术前同样单次静脉输注0.5 g左氧氟沙星,结果松质骨、皮质骨的骨/血清比值为0.77和0.33,其对感染和非感染组织都有着很好的渗透性[27]。综上,左氧氟沙星渗透率位于30%~100%,在不同病理生理状态下都具有良好的渗透性。
THA患者单次静脉输注400 mg莫西沙星后,松质骨、皮质骨的骨/血浆比值分别为0.54和0.34,松质骨渗透性优于皮质骨[26]。同样在MALINCARNE等的研究中,术前给予俩剂400 mg莫西沙星口服后,松质骨的骨/血浆比值为0.50左右,皮质骨为0.40左右[28]。综上,莫西沙星对于骨的渗透率位于30%~55%。
人工全关节置换术(total joint arthroplasty, TJA)的患者术前单次静脉输注万古霉素0.5~2.0 g后,骨/血清比值约为0.41,松质骨和皮质骨的骨/血清浓度比值分别为0.44和0.36,药物在松质骨渗透性要优于皮质骨[29]。GRAZIANI等人的研究显示,在接受THA的患者中,单次静脉输注15 mg·kg-1万古霉素后,松质骨、皮质骨的骨/血清的比值分别为0.13、0.07,且无论感染与否,万古霉素在骨组织中均具有良好的渗透性[30]。综上,万古霉素骨组织渗透率位于10%~40%,不同骨组织部位、病理生理状态和给药剂量都会使其渗透性存在一定差异。
TKA患者在术前单次静脉输注替考拉宁800 mg后,骨/血浆比值在0.20左右[31]。另一项针对THA手术患者的研究中,术前给予替考拉宁10 mg·kg-1单剂量静脉输注,骨/血清比值为0.15~0.30,松质骨药物浓度高于皮质骨[32]。综上,替考拉宁骨渗透率在15%~30%。
一项针对脊柱结核手术患者的研究中,术前单次口服利奈唑胺600 mg,非病变骨、病变骨/血浆比值分别为0.26和0.49,病变骨组织的药物渗透率明显高于非病变骨[33]。在THA患者中,术前单次静脉输注利奈唑胺600 mg后,10、20和30 min时骨渗透率分别为0.51、0.60和0.47[34]。综上,利奈唑胺在骨中的渗透率位于25%~50%,不同的给药途径(口服和静脉)骨渗透率没有明显差异。
THA患者术前克林霉素300 mg q8 h肌肉注射,结果骨/血清比值为0.40左右[35]。在另一项髋部手术患者的研究中,术前肌肉注射克林霉素600 mg q8 h,松质骨、皮质骨/血清比值分别为0.45和0.44[36]。综上,克林霉素在骨中的渗透率在40%左右。
一项研究纳入TKA和THA的非感染患者,术前单次静脉输注8 mg·kg-1达托霉素,骨/血浆比值为0.14,所有患者的骨组织浓度均高于达托霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(1 μg·mL-1[37]。另一项在2型糖尿病足细菌性感染患者的研究中,术前给予6 mg·kg-1达托霉素静脉输注4~5次,以骨中游离达托霉素的AUC和血浆AUC之比来评估其渗透性,在16、24 h的比值分别为1.08和1.17[38]。综上,达托霉素对于感染与非感染骨都具有较好的渗透性。
利福平良好的骨骼及滑膜弥散特性使其常与其他抗菌药物联合应用,增加药物对生物膜的穿透性。在骨关节感染手术的研究中,术前口服600 mg利福平3 h后,松质骨/血清的比值达到0.41,高于皮质骨的0.20[39]。在术前单次静脉推注利福平600 mg后,感染和非感染骨的骨/血浆的比值为0.52和0.35,说明利福平在感染与非感染骨组织均表现出良好的渗透性,但非感染骨组织的药物渗透率要低于感染骨组织[40]。综上,利福平的骨组织渗透率可达20%~60%。
以上为常见喹诺酮类、糖肽类及其他部分抗菌药物的骨渗透率,具体渗透性数据总结见表2[23-40]
不同种类抗菌药物的骨渗透性存在着较大差异。除头孢吡肟外,β-内酰胺类骨渗透率在10%~50%;喹诺酮类渗透率相对较高,位于30%~100%;万古霉素和替考拉宁在10%~40%;克林霉素、利奈唑胺和利福平渗透率均可达30%以上。多数抗菌药物在松质骨渗透性要优于皮质骨,给药途径、给药剂量和骨组织周围血供情况在一定程度上也可能会影响药物的渗透性。
现阶段针对药物骨组织渗透性的研究仍存在一些问题。首先,本文中数据均来源于临床研究,受试者病理生理状态不同,同时,研究的采样时间受限于手术时间也存在差异;其次,不同研究采用的浓度检测方法不同,这导致研究结果部分表述为骨/血清浓度,部分为骨/血浆浓度,且早期药物浓度检测常采用微生物抑制法,随着科技进步,高效液相色谱-紫外检测法及液相色谱-串联质谱法得到广泛应用,分析灵敏度与特异性逐步提升,使得同种药物在不同研究中骨渗透性测定结果存在一定差异。
综上,在骨感染的临床治疗中,还需综合患者自身情况、病原菌种类以及药物特性等多方面因素进行评估与分析,合理选用抗菌药物,以期达到最佳临床疗效。
  • 江苏省药学会-药研新声药学科研基金资助项目(202495035)
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2025年第41卷第16期
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doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.019
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
基金
江苏省药学会-药研新声药学科研基金资助项目(202495035)
作者信息
    1.大连医科大学 扬州临床医学院,江苏 扬州 225001
    2.大连医科大学 药学院,辽宁 大连 116000
    3.中国药科大学 基础医学与临床药学学院,江苏 南京 211198
    4.皖南医学院 药学院,安徽 芜湖 241002
    5.江苏省苏北人民医院 药学部,江苏 扬州 225001

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朱华,主任药师,硕士生导师 Tel: (0514)87373400 E-mail:
张晅,副主任药师 MP: 18051062187 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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