Article(id=1246531411549770001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775125847947, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1756310400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775125847947, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775125847947, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125847947, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246531406415941821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, year='2025', volume='41', issue='16', pageStart='2251', pageEnd='2400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775125846723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775125956861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246531868481446286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, issueId=1246531406415941821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2281, endPage=2286, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246531412753535305, articleId=1246531411549770001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, language=EN, title=Clinical study of meropenem therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with severe infection complicated with augmented renal clearance, columnId=1246531407326105792, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, columnName=Clinical and Basic Bridging Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the influence of augmented renal clearance (ARC) on the steady-state serum concentration and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with severe infections and to analyze the linear relationship between them.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the inpatients who received meropenem treatment and underwent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) at the Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the PLA from June 2021 to September 2024. Serum drug concentration data were collected, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a one-compartment model. The steady-state serum concentrations and pharmacodynamic parameters were compared between patients with normal renal function and those with ARC. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the factors influencing meropenem serum concentrations and pharmacodynamic parameters.

Results

When meropenem was administered at a dose of 1.0 g three times daily, the blood concentrations in patients with ARC at 3 hours and 0.5 hours before the last administration were (4.78±2.34) mg·L-1 and (2.44±1.60) mg·L-1, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding concentrations in patients with normal renal function were (14.08±10.45) mg·L-1 and (8.40±7.07) mg·L-1, respectively. The blood concentrations of meropenem were significantly lower in ARC patients compared to those with normal renal function (P<0.05). For the pharmacodynamic target of f%T>4MIC≥40%, the target attainment rates in ARC patients were 81.25%, 25.00%, 0.00%, and 0.00% at MIC values of 1, 2, 4, and 8 μg·mL-1, respectively. In comparison, the rates in patients with normal renal function were 92.31%, 76.92%, 53.85%, and 7.69%, respectively, indicating significantly lower target attainment in the ARC group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that creatinine clearance rate and serum albumin level significantly influenced both the plasma concentration and pharmacodynamic target attainment of meropenem.

Conclusion

ARC significantly reduces the steady-state serum concentration of meropenem and the rate of achieving pharmacodynamic targets, leading to the failure of anti-infective therapy. For patients with severe infections and ARC, attention should be paid to the effects of creatinine clearance, serum albumin on serum drug concentrations and therapeutic efficacy. TDM should be performed to adjust the dosing regimen in a timely manner.

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目的

研究肾功能亢进(ARC)对美罗培南在重症感染患者中稳态血药浓度/药效学的影响及相关性分析。

方法

回顾性分析2021年6月至2024年9月在解放军总医院第五医学中心接受美罗培南治疗并进行治疗药物监测(TDM)的住院患者。收集血药浓度数据并应用一房室模型药动学公式计算药效学指标。比较肾功能正常患者和肾功能亢进患者稳态血药浓度和药效学指标,并采用多重线性回归分析探讨美罗培南血药浓度/药效学的影响因素。

结果

当给予美罗培南1.0 g tid 时,肾功能亢进患者和肾功能正常患者末次给药前3 h的血药浓度分别为(4.78±2.34)和(14.08±10.45)mg·L-1,2组患者给药0.5 h的血药浓度分别为(2.44±1.60)和(8.40±7.07)mg·L-1。肾功能亢进患者美罗培南血药浓度显著低于肾功能正常患者,在统计学上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。当最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为1 μg·mL-1时,肾功能亢进患者和肾功能正常患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为81.25%和92.31%,MIC为2 μg·mL-1时,2组患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为25.00%和76.92%,MIC为4 μg·mL-1时,2组患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为0.00%和53.85%,MIC为8 μg·mL-1时,2组患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为0.00%和7.69%,肾功能亢进患者药效学指标达标率均低于肾功能正常患者。多重线性回归分析显示肌酐清除率和血清白蛋白对美罗培南血药浓度和药效学指标具有影响。

结论

肾功能亢进显著降低美罗培南稳态血药浓度和药效学达标率,造成抗感染治疗失败。针对重症感染合并ARC患者应关注肌酐清除率、血清白蛋白对血药浓度/疗效的影响,应进行治疗药物监测,及时调整给药方案。

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王芳,副主任药师 Tel:(010)66933486 E-mail:
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朱珍真(1985-),女,副主任药师,主要从事临床药学方面的工作和研究

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of vancomycin and meropenem in critically Ill patients receiving sustained low-efficiency dialysis.Clin Ther. 2020, 42(4): 625-633., articleTitle=Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of vancomycin and meropenem in critically Ill patients receiving sustained low-efficiency dialysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531424933794651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=38, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=郭蓓宁, journalName=实用医院临床杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭蓓宁. 抗菌药物药物代谢动力学/药效学的临床应用[J]. 实用医院临床杂志,2016,13(2):38-41., articleTitle=抗菌药物药物代谢动力学/药效学的临床应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531425042846560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=13, issue=5, pageStart=1681, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=DICKERSON R N, CRAWFORD C N, TSIU M K, journalName=Nutrients, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DICKERSON R N, CRAWFORD C N, TSIU M K, et al. Augmented renal clearance following traumatic injury in critically Ill patients requiring nutrition therapy.Nutrients. 2021, 13(5):1681., articleTitle=Augmented renal clearance following traumatic injury in critically Ill patients requiring nutrition therapy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246531425143509860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=354, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=SHORR A F, BRUNO C J, ZHANG Z, journalName=Crit Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHORR A F, BRUNO C J, ZHANG Z, et al. Ceftolozane/tazobactam probability of target attainment and outcomes in participants with augmented renal clearance from the randomized phase 3 ASPECT-NP trial[J]. Crit Care,2021,25(1): 354., articleTitle=Ceftolozane/tazobactam probability of target attainment and outcomes in participants with augmented renal clearance from the randomized phase 3 ASPECT-NP trial, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246531416117367247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531416129950162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, companyId=1246531416117367247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246531416138338771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, companyId=1246531416117367247, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=解放军总医院 医疗保障中心 药剂科,北京 100039)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246531420999537393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General conditions of patients in each group(

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ItemARC (n=21)Normal renal function(n=16)
Age(year)55.05±9.04*64.88±10.16*
BMI((kg·m-224.24±2.8723.22±4.18
Systolic pressure(mmHg)114.86±15.50107.81±5.72
Diastolic pressure(mmHg)65.52±10.6560.81±6.51
Serum creatinine(μmol·L-139.10±11.49*82.50±17.71*
Ccr [mL·(min·1.73 m2-1]182.25±46.43*71.57±19.12*
Serum albumin(g·L-129.71±2.9728.19±3.25
), ArticleFig(id=1246531421087617785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2组患者一般情况(

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemARC (n=21)Normal renal function(n=16)
Age(year)55.05±9.04*64.88±10.16*
BMI((kg·m-224.24±2.8723.22±4.18
Systolic pressure(mmHg)114.86±15.50107.81±5.72
Diastolic pressure(mmHg)65.52±10.6560.81±6.51
Serum creatinine(μmol·L-139.10±11.49*82.50±17.71*
Ccr [mL·(min·1.73 m2-1]182.25±46.43*71.57±19.12*
Serum albumin(g·L-129.71±2.9728.19±3.25
), ArticleFig(id=1246531421217641215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Serum concentration of meropenem in patients of each group(mg·L-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemARC
1.0 g dosage
(n=16)
2.0 g dosage
(n=5)
1.0 g dosage
(n=13)
2.0 g dosage
(n=3)
Blood drug concentration 3 h before the last administration4.78±2.34*6.79±4.0114.08±10.45*27.70±5.72
Blood drug concentration 0.5 h before the last administration2.44±1.60*2.66±1.638.40±7.07*14.06±3.13
), ArticleFig(id=1246531421293138693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组患者美罗培南血药浓度情况(mg·L-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemARC
1.0 g dosage
(n=16)
2.0 g dosage
(n=5)
1.0 g dosage
(n=13)
2.0 g dosage
(n=3)
Blood drug concentration 3 h before the last administration4.78±2.34*6.79±4.0114.08±10.45*27.70±5.72
Blood drug concentration 0.5 h before the last administration2.44±1.60*2.66±1.638.40±7.07*14.06±3.13
), ArticleFig(id=1246531421377024775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Meropenem pharmacodynamics(PD) indexes of patients in each group

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f% T>4MICGroup1.0 g dosage
[%,M(P25,P75)]
Compliance rate(%)2.0 g dosage
[%,M(P25,P75)]
Compliance rate(%)
MIC=1 μg·mL-1ARC51.75(40.20,70.28)*81.2568.00(38.20,89.50)60.00
Normal renal function103.00(93.70,171.60)*92.31140.30(139.80,155.05)100.00
MIC=2 μg·mL-1ARC27.10(-8.88,41.40)*25.0047.50(13.90,66.10)60.00
Normal renal function75.70 (74.20,104.60)*76.92113.00 (106.60,122.90)100.00
MIC=4 μg·mL-1ARC-5.15 (-44.93,10.13)*0.0027.00 (-10.40,42.70)40.00
Normal renal function47.40 (30.90,57.70)*53.8586.20 (72.90,91.00)100.00
MIC=8 μg·mL-1ARC-35.30 (-82.95,-13.13)*0.006.60 (-34.70,19.30)0.00
Normal renal function5.80 (-29.40,22.10)*7.6958.80 (39.20,59.15)66.67
MIC=16 μg·mL-1ARC-70.00 (-117.43,-35.85)0.00-13.90 (-59.00,-4.00)0.00
Normal renal function-39.60 (-76.90,-8.10)0.0021.80 (5.50,27.25)0.00
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各组患者美罗培南药效动力学(PD)指标情况

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f% T>4MICGroup1.0 g dosage
[%,M(P25,P75)]
Compliance rate(%)2.0 g dosage
[%,M(P25,P75)]
Compliance rate(%)
MIC=1 μg·mL-1ARC51.75(40.20,70.28)*81.2568.00(38.20,89.50)60.00
Normal renal function103.00(93.70,171.60)*92.31140.30(139.80,155.05)100.00
MIC=2 μg·mL-1ARC27.10(-8.88,41.40)*25.0047.50(13.90,66.10)60.00
Normal renal function75.70 (74.20,104.60)*76.92113.00 (106.60,122.90)100.00
MIC=4 μg·mL-1ARC-5.15 (-44.93,10.13)*0.0027.00 (-10.40,42.70)40.00
Normal renal function47.40 (30.90,57.70)*53.8586.20 (72.90,91.00)100.00
MIC=8 μg·mL-1ARC-35.30 (-82.95,-13.13)*0.006.60 (-34.70,19.30)0.00
Normal renal function5.80 (-29.40,22.10)*7.6958.80 (39.20,59.15)66.67
MIC=16 μg·mL-1ARC-70.00 (-117.43,-35.85)0.00-13.90 (-59.00,-4.00)0.00
Normal renal function-39.60 (-76.90,-8.10)0.0021.80 (5.50,27.25)0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1246531421590934295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Multiple linear regression results of meropenem blood concentration / PD index and clinical data of patients

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Dependent variablesPracticality and significance of the regression equation*Independent variablesCorrelation
R2PStandardized regression coefficientP
Blood drug concentration 3 h before the last administration0.4000.004Ccr-0.5080.006#
Serum albumin-0.3500.046#
Blood drug concentration 0.5 h before the last administration0.3870.050Ccr-0.4970.007#
Serum albumin-0.3490.049#
f% T>4MIC(MIC=1 μg·mL-10.4420.000Ccr-0.5800.001#
Serum albumin-0.2830.076
f% T>4MIC(MIC=2 μg·mL-10.4780.000Ccr-0.5940.001#
Serum albumin-0.3180.042#
f% T>4MIC(MIC=4 μg·mL-10.3270.009Ccr-0.5210.005#
Serum albumin0.2060.232
f% T>4MIC(MIC=8 μg·mL-10.1820.090Ccr-0.4090.037#
Serum albumin-0.0990.599
f% T>4MIC(MIC=16 μg·mL-10.1000.283Ccr-0.3140.119
Serum albumin-0.0230.908
), ArticleFig(id=1246531421687403291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415772164075586, articleId=1246531411549770001, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

美罗培南血药浓度/PD指标与患者临床基本资料的多重线性回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Dependent variablesPracticality and significance of the regression equation*Independent variablesCorrelation
R2PStandardized regression coefficientP
Blood drug concentration 3 h before the last administration0.4000.004Ccr-0.5080.006#
Serum albumin-0.3500.046#
Blood drug concentration 0.5 h before the last administration0.3870.050Ccr-0.4970.007#
Serum albumin-0.3490.049#
f% T>4MIC(MIC=1 μg·mL-10.4420.000Ccr-0.5800.001#
Serum albumin-0.2830.076
f% T>4MIC(MIC=2 μg·mL-10.4780.000Ccr-0.5940.001#
Serum albumin-0.3180.042#
f% T>4MIC(MIC=4 μg·mL-10.3270.009Ccr-0.5210.005#
Serum albumin0.2060.232
f% T>4MIC(MIC=8 μg·mL-10.1820.090Ccr-0.4090.037#
Serum albumin-0.0990.599
f% T>4MIC(MIC=16 μg·mL-10.1000.283Ccr-0.3140.119
Serum albumin-0.0230.908
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美罗培南治疗药物监测在重症感染合并肾功能亢进患者的临床研究
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朱珍真 , 谢英 , 杜凤霞 , 郎丽巍 , 李倩玉 , 张静 , 王芳
中国临床药理学杂志 | 临床与基础桥接研究 2025,41(16): 2281-2286
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中国临床药理学杂志 | 临床与基础桥接研究 2025, 41(16): 2281-2286
美罗培南治疗药物监测在重症感染合并肾功能亢进患者的临床研究
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朱珍真, 谢英, 杜凤霞, 郎丽巍, 李倩玉, 张静, 王芳
作者信息
  • 解放军总医院 医疗保障中心 药剂科,北京 100039
  • 朱珍真(1985-),女,副主任药师,主要从事临床药学方面的工作和研究

通讯作者:

王芳,副主任药师 Tel:(010)66933486 E-mail:
Clinical study of meropenem therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with severe infection complicated with augmented renal clearance
Zhen-zhen ZHU, Ying XIE, Feng-xia DU, Li-wei LANG, Qian-yu LI, Jing ZHANG, Fang WANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.006
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目的

研究肾功能亢进(ARC)对美罗培南在重症感染患者中稳态血药浓度/药效学的影响及相关性分析。

方法

回顾性分析2021年6月至2024年9月在解放军总医院第五医学中心接受美罗培南治疗并进行治疗药物监测(TDM)的住院患者。收集血药浓度数据并应用一房室模型药动学公式计算药效学指标。比较肾功能正常患者和肾功能亢进患者稳态血药浓度和药效学指标,并采用多重线性回归分析探讨美罗培南血药浓度/药效学的影响因素。

结果

当给予美罗培南1.0 g tid 时,肾功能亢进患者和肾功能正常患者末次给药前3 h的血药浓度分别为(4.78±2.34)和(14.08±10.45)mg·L-1,2组患者给药0.5 h的血药浓度分别为(2.44±1.60)和(8.40±7.07)mg·L-1。肾功能亢进患者美罗培南血药浓度显著低于肾功能正常患者,在统计学上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。当最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为1 μg·mL-1时,肾功能亢进患者和肾功能正常患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为81.25%和92.31%,MIC为2 μg·mL-1时,2组患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为25.00%和76.92%,MIC为4 μg·mL-1时,2组患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为0.00%和53.85%,MIC为8 μg·mL-1时,2组患者美罗培南药效学指标f%T>4MIC≥40%达标率分别为0.00%和7.69%,肾功能亢进患者药效学指标达标率均低于肾功能正常患者。多重线性回归分析显示肌酐清除率和血清白蛋白对美罗培南血药浓度和药效学指标具有影响。

结论

肾功能亢进显著降低美罗培南稳态血药浓度和药效学达标率,造成抗感染治疗失败。针对重症感染合并ARC患者应关注肌酐清除率、血清白蛋白对血药浓度/疗效的影响,应进行治疗药物监测,及时调整给药方案。

美罗培南  /  肾功能亢进  /  血药浓度  /  药效学  /  治疗药物监测  /  多重线性回归
Objective

To investigate the influence of augmented renal clearance (ARC) on the steady-state serum concentration and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with severe infections and to analyze the linear relationship between them.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the inpatients who received meropenem treatment and underwent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) at the Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the PLA from June 2021 to September 2024. Serum drug concentration data were collected, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a one-compartment model. The steady-state serum concentrations and pharmacodynamic parameters were compared between patients with normal renal function and those with ARC. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the factors influencing meropenem serum concentrations and pharmacodynamic parameters.

Results

When meropenem was administered at a dose of 1.0 g three times daily, the blood concentrations in patients with ARC at 3 hours and 0.5 hours before the last administration were (4.78±2.34) mg·L-1 and (2.44±1.60) mg·L-1, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding concentrations in patients with normal renal function were (14.08±10.45) mg·L-1 and (8.40±7.07) mg·L-1, respectively. The blood concentrations of meropenem were significantly lower in ARC patients compared to those with normal renal function (P<0.05). For the pharmacodynamic target of f%T>4MIC≥40%, the target attainment rates in ARC patients were 81.25%, 25.00%, 0.00%, and 0.00% at MIC values of 1, 2, 4, and 8 μg·mL-1, respectively. In comparison, the rates in patients with normal renal function were 92.31%, 76.92%, 53.85%, and 7.69%, respectively, indicating significantly lower target attainment in the ARC group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that creatinine clearance rate and serum albumin level significantly influenced both the plasma concentration and pharmacodynamic target attainment of meropenem.

Conclusion

ARC significantly reduces the steady-state serum concentration of meropenem and the rate of achieving pharmacodynamic targets, leading to the failure of anti-infective therapy. For patients with severe infections and ARC, attention should be paid to the effects of creatinine clearance, serum albumin on serum drug concentrations and therapeutic efficacy. TDM should be performed to adjust the dosing regimen in a timely manner.

meropenem  /  augmented renal clearance  /  plasma drug concentration  /  pharmacodynamics  /  therapeutic drug monitoring  /  multiple linear regression
朱珍真, 谢英, 杜凤霞, 郎丽巍, 李倩玉, 张静, 王芳. 美罗培南治疗药物监测在重症感染合并肾功能亢进患者的临床研究. 中国临床药理学杂志, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2281 -2286 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.006
Zhen-zhen ZHU, Ying XIE, Feng-xia DU, Li-wei LANG, Qian-yu LI, Jing ZHANG, Fang WANG. Clinical study of meropenem therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with severe infection complicated with augmented renal clearance[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2025 , 41 (16) : 2281 -2286 . DOI: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.006
美罗培南是一种碳青霉烯类抗生素,具有非常广泛的抗菌活性。从药代动力学/药效动力学(pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, PK/PD)角度来看,美罗培南为时间依赖性抗菌药物,其PD指标为游离药物浓度保持在最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)以上的时间占给药间隔期的百分比(f%T>MIC)。临床上要求杀菌靶值应≥40%;对于重症感染患者须进一步提高美罗培南剂量,使f%T>4-5MIC≥40%[1]
肾功能亢进(augmented renal clearance,ARC)是病理生理性的肾小球滤过率增强,从而对经过肾脏排泄药物的清除明显增加[2]。研究表明ARC能降低美罗培南的血药浓度,进而影响抗菌治疗效果[3-4]。本研究应用一房室模型药动学公式计算美罗培南PD指标,探讨肾功能亢进对美罗培南血药浓度和PD的影响及影响因素,从而为伴有肾功能亢进的重症感染患者提供临床用药指导。
回顾性分析2021年6月至2024年9月在解放军总医院第五医学中心北院区使用美罗培南进行抗菌治疗,并行治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM)的住院患者。本研究经中国人民解放军总医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(伦理批号:KY-2024-11-179-1)。
纳入标准 ①年龄≥18岁;②使用美罗培南至少3 d后,完整采集末次给药前3 h和0.5 h血样并检测游离血药浓度;③在治疗药物监测当天或前后2 d有血肌酐检测值。
排除标准 ①TDM时肌酐清除率(creatinine clearance,Ccr)≤90 mL·(min·1.73 m2-1;②数据不全患者;③孕妇。④游离血药浓度检测值低于定量下限。
注射用美罗培南,规格:每瓶0.25 g,批号:202112162、202208125、202209137、202211163、202306101、202308139、202311180、202312184、202407105,批准文号:国药准字H20140704,日本Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co.,Ltd公司生产;注射用美罗培南,规格:每瓶0.5 g,批号:4012311117、4012306888、401231171,批准文号:国药准字H20065284,石药集团欧意药业有限公司生产;美罗培南对照品,纯度:87.0%,批号:130506-201403,甲硝唑对照品,纯度:100.0%,批号100191-201507,均由中国食品药品检定研究院生产。
Agilent1290型超高压液相色谱系统,包括G4220a型二元输液泵、G4226A型自动进样器、G1316C型柱温箱、G4212A型DAD检测器和化学工作站,美国Agilent公司生产。
将纳入的患者分为肾功能亢进组和肾功能正常组,肾功能亢进组以开展TDM当天或前后2 d内最近一次的Ccr≥130 mL(min-1.73 m2-1为入组标准[5],肾功能正常组以开展TDM当天或前后2 d内最近一次的Ccr<130 mL(min-1.73 m2-1为入组标准。此后,根据不同的美罗培南治疗方案将2组患者进行亚组分析,分为1.0 g组和2.0 g组,1.0 g组给予美罗培南1.0 g tid,每次输注时间为3 h,2.0 g组给予美罗培南2.0 g tid,每次输注时间为3 h。2组均治疗超过3 d。
采用超高效液相色谱法测定血浆中美罗培南的浓度[6]
血样采集 采集患者末次给药前3 h和0.5 h的静脉血约2 mL,EDTA-k2抗凝。
样本处理 将血样3 500 r·min-1离心10 min,取血浆200 μL,于1.5 mL的离心管中,加400 μg·ml-1甲硝唑内标工作液30 μL,涡旋混匀,再加入乙腈300 μL,涡旋3 min混匀,1.0×104 r·min-1离心5 min。取上清液400 μL于另一1.5 mL的离心管中,加入400 μL二氯甲烷,涡旋5 min混匀,10 000 r·min-1离心5 min,取上层水相于进样瓶中,准备进样。
色谱条件 色谱柱:Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18柱(2.1 mm*100 mm,108 μm);流动相:乙腈-水(含0.01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾)(6.3:93.7,v/v);流速:0.4 mL·min-1;检测波长:299 nm;柱温:30 ℃;进样量:5 μL。
定量范围 0.5~80.0μg·ml-1
患者基本资料 包括性别、年龄、身高、体质量、血压、血肌酐、白蛋白、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶,Ccr采用Cockcroft-Gault公式计算;用药方案,包括给药剂量、用药间隔和输注时间;游离血药浓度和PD指标。游离血药浓度为患者达稳态浓度后,末次给药前3 h和0.5 h的血药浓度检测值,采用超高效液相色谱法测定血浆中美罗培南的总浓度,由于美罗培南的蛋白结合率仅为2%,可认为血浆中美罗培南的总浓度即为游离药物浓度[7-9]
PD指标 由一房室模型药动学公式计算[10],输入给药剂量、输注时间和给药前3 h、0.5 h血药浓度值,可得到当前给药方案下,不同MIC值对应的f%T>4MIC。本研究采用了临床药敏结果中常见的MIC值,分别为1、2、4、8、16 μg·mL-1,其中MIC≤1 μg·mL-1为敏感菌,MIC=2 μg·mL-1为中介菌,MIC=4、8、16 μg·mL-1均为耐药菌。
使用SPSS Statistics 27.0进行数据分析。正态分布数据采用表示,非正态分布数据使用中位数(P25, P75)表示,两种类型数据分别通过Student t检验与Mann-Whirtney U检验进行剂量组间比较。采用多重线性回归分析影响美罗培南血药浓度和PD指标的因素。以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
共纳入患者37例,其中肾功能正常16例(男11例,女5例),肾功能亢进患者21例(男15例,女6例)。肾功能正常患者与肾功能亢进患者的身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、收缩压、舒张压、血清白蛋白差异均无统计学意义。肾功能正常患者与肾功能亢进患者的年龄、血肌酐、肌酐清除率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1
在1.0 g剂量组中,肾功能正常患者与肾功能亢进患者美罗培南末次给药前3 h和0.5 h血药浓度差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2.0 g剂量组由于样本量过少,未纳入统计分析。具体数值见表2
在1.0 g剂量组中,当MIC为1、2、4、8 μg·mL-1时,肾功能正常患者与肾功能亢进患者美罗培南PD指标差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);当MIC为16 μg·mL-1时,肾功能正常患者与肾功能亢进患者美罗培南PD指标差异无统计学意义(P=0.062)。2.0 g剂量组由于样本量过少,未纳入统计分析。以f%T>4MIC≥40%为PD指标达标的判定标准,可见当MIC为1、2、4、8 μg·mL-1时,肾功能亢进患者PD指标达标率均低于肾功能正常患者。具体数值见表3
将末次给药前3 h、0.5 h的血药浓度以及PD指标作为因变量,年龄、性别、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、Ccr、血清白蛋白作为自变量,以1.0 g剂量组所有患者数据为分析集进行多重线性回归,采用逐步回归的方法筛选自变量。结果为:肌酐清除率和血清白蛋白对美罗培南血药浓度和PD指标有交互作用。当因变量为末次给药前3 h、0.5 h血药浓度和f%T>4MIC(MIC=1、2 μg·mL-1时),所建立回归模型有意义,且因变量的总变异中有32.70%~47.80%由肌酐清除率和血清白蛋白所决定;从指标的标准回归系数可以看出,肌酐清除率、血清白蛋白与美罗培南血药浓度和PD指标均成负相关,且肌酐清除率的影响大于血清白蛋白。除当MIC=16 μg·mL-1时肌酐清除率对f%T>4MIC的回归系数无统计学意义,其余各组t检验结果均P<0.05;血清白蛋白回归系数在因变量为末次给药前3 h、0.5 h血药浓度和f%T>4MIC(MIC=2 μg·mL-1时)有统计学意义,见表4
既往美罗培南药效学研究多以临床和实验室指标作为疗效判定标准[11],此法混杂因素较多,缺乏专一性;亦或是以谷浓度是否高于MIC为判定标准[12],此法未反映出药物体内的药动学过程,仅适合用于抗生素后效应(postantibiotic effect, PAE)较长的药物。本研究首次以f%T>4MIC作为PD指标,其优势在于f%T>MIC与药物体内药动学过程关联明确,能直接反映出药物对病原体的作用和持续时间,特别适合用于评价时间依赖性抗生素的抗微生物效应[13]。碳青霉烯类药物的药动学研究显示,其血药浓度变化符合二室或一室模型。本研究选择一室模型,原因如下:1)二室模型需至少5个采血点,临床操作困难;2)二室模型计算复杂且数据支持不足,准确性提升有限。因此,权衡后采用一室模型,并将2个浓度监测点设在消除相以准确计算消除速率常数,同时兼顾临床采血可行性[10]
从结果来看,肾功能亢进显著降低了美罗培南的血药浓度和抗微生物效应,这与文献报道一致。多元回归分析结果提示血药浓度和PD指标与肌酐清除率成负相关。美罗培南54%~79%以原形经肾脏排泄[14-15],极易受到肾功能的影响。ARC患者由于肾脏清除能力增强,使得美罗培南t1/2缩短,峰浓度降低、曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)变小,最终导致浓度降低,治疗失败[16]。肌酐清除率为肾功能评估的主要指标,从表4可以看出,患者Ccr水平与美罗培南血药浓度和PD指标呈显著负相关[致病菌显著耐药(MIC=16 μg·mL-1)时除外],因此当患者的Ccr水平出现高于正常值时,应充分考虑其影响,及时进行治疗药物监测并调整给药方案。
另一方面,多元回归分析结果还提示血药浓度与血清白蛋白成负相关,但美罗培南血浆蛋白结合率仅为2%,故在药品说明书和既往研究中均未提及白蛋白对药物代谢的影响。本研究结果首次报道血清白蛋白对美罗培南血药浓度有交互作用,原因可能为:纳入病例均为重症感染患者,这类患者由于药物组织穿透性的改变、全身毛细血管通透性的增加、低蛋白血症以及体外循环装置的使用,导致了药物在血液/组织中分布的改变,血浆蛋白结合率的影响有可能也随之发生了变化。有文献报道特别是亲水性药物在重症感染患者中的体内药动学变异很大,但这种变异是复杂的[17]。本研究结果提示:针对此类患者,不能只考虑肾功能的影响,而需要引入更多的协变量以建立更加全面、精准的群体药代动力学/药效学模型。血清白蛋白对美罗培南血药浓度/PD指标交互作用及机制值得进一步研究。
目前美罗培南在ARC患者中的研究较少,ARC患者的最佳给药方案尚无定论。但基于已有的研究,可以明确的是ARC患者需要大剂量输注美罗培南。从本研究结果(表2-3)可以看出,提高给药剂量可以改善血药浓度和药效学指标达标率,但由于样本量的原因尚未进行统计分析,这也是本研究存在的不足之处。
本研究中肾功能亢进患者年龄低于肾功能正常患者(P<0.05),这与文献报道一致[18-19],既往研究表明年龄≤50岁住重症监护室是ARC的危险因素,临床医生应关注低龄患者是否发生ARC,如果发生ARC,则发生美罗培南浓度不足的风险增高。
综上所述:肾功能亢进能降低美罗培南的血药浓度和药效学指标,导致抗感染失败。在重症感染患者中,肌酐清除率和血清白蛋白是影响因素,而年龄与肾功能亢进相关。在临床上应关注这三个指标,并对ARC患者进行美罗培南血药浓度监测以及时调整给药方案。
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2025年第41卷第16期
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doi: 10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
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    解放军总医院 医疗保障中心 药剂科,北京 100039

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王芳,副主任药师 Tel:(010)66933486 E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zglcylxzz/CN/10.13699/j.cnki.1001-6821.2025.16.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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