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Typhoon-wave modeling during the rapid intensification stage of super typhoons using WAVEWATCH Ⅲ
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Chen Chen1, 2, 3, 4, *, Rong Jing1, Haoyu Chen1, Jingxian Liu1, 2, 3, 4
Navigation of China | 2026, 49(4) : 143 - 152
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Navigation of China | 2026, 49(4): 143-152
• Marine Traffic Safety •
Typhoon-wave modeling during the rapid intensification stage of super typhoons using WAVEWATCH Ⅲ
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Chen Chen1, 2, 3, 4, *, Rong Jing1, Haoyu Chen1, Jingxian Liu1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 3.National Engineering Research Center of Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 4.State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
Published: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4653.2026.04.016
Outline
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With the vigorous growth of the shipping industry, ensuring navigational safety and improving operational efficiency have imposed higher demands on accurate wave simulations under extreme sea states. However, the applicability of the third-generation spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III (WW3) and the identification of optimal simulation configurations during the rapid intensification stage of super typhoons remain insufficient, limiting its ability to address two key challenges in typhoon-related maritime early warning: accurate simulation of typhoon-generated waves during the rapid intensification stage and precise classification of wave-induced disaster risk. To tackle these issues, a multi-dimensional sensitivity analysis framework is employed. First, typhoon characteristics and ship-accident information are compiled using the Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone best-track dataset provided by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and vessel accident investigation reports from the Guangdong Maritime Safety Administration. Second, high-resolution typhoon-wave simulation experiments are established using WW3. For source-term parameterizations, three widely used WW3 schemes (ST2, ST4, and ST6) are adopted. For atmospheric forcing, wind fields from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the fifth-generation ECMWF global atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5), and the NCEP Final Analysis (NCEP-FNL) are used to examine WW3 performance and to determine the optimal simulation configuration. Combined with observations from National Oceanic Administration buoys and standard statistical validation metrics, a complete technical workflow is developed. Under rapid intensification conditions of super typhoons, WW3 experiments with different source-term schemes and wind forcing fields are conducted and evaluated against buoy measurements. The results indicate that simulations driven by WRF winds and using the ST2 scheme achieve superior performance near the typhoon center, whereas the ST4 and ST6 schemes perform better in other regions.

navigation safety  /  wavewatch iii  /  sensitivity analysis  /  typhoon waves  /  rapid intensification of typhoons
陈辰, 经荣, 陈浩宇, 刘敬贤. 基于WAVEWATCH Ⅲ在超强台风快速增强阶段的台风浪研究. 中国航海, 2026 , 49 (4) : 143 -152 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4653.2026.04.016
Chen Chen, Rong Jing, Haoyu Chen, Jingxian Liu. Typhoon-wave modeling during the rapid intensification stage of super typhoons using WAVEWATCH Ⅲ[J]. Navigation of China, 2026 , 49 (4) : 143 -152 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4653.2026.04.016
Year 2026 volume 49 Issue 4
134
25
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4653.2026.04.016
  • Receive Date:2025-07-09
  • Online Date:2026-09-28
  • Published:2026-08-25
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  • Received:2025-07-09
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Affiliations
    1.School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
    2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
    3.National Engineering Research Center of Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
    4.State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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