To enhance urban resilience against disaster chains, this study proposed an analytical framework and methodology for identifying influencing factors from a disaster chain perspective. Firstly, a comprehensive list of urban resilience influencing factors was established by focusing on the core capacities of resilient cities within disaster chain contexts. Secondly, an improved fuzzy DEMATEL-ISM integrated method was introduced to identify top-level factors, clarify hierarchical structures and interaction pathways among influencing factors, and analyze resilience enhancement approaches from economic and demographic perspectives. Finally, taking the resilience construction practice of Chengdu in the context of disaster chain as an example, the rationality of this theoretical analysis was verified. Results indicate that the top-level design factors, aimed at addressing disaster chains, primarily focus on prevention, preparedness, and adaptation. Fundamental factors include insurance protection, emergency command in the disaster chain scenario and government departments' ability to jointly handle chain disruptions to reduce disasters, adequacy of emergency resource preparation, and ecological environment restoration and governance. Direct influencing factors encompass housing quality, medical assistance capacity, emergency evacuation capacity, and basic living security. The most effective approaches to enhance economic resilience in disaster chains are strengthening insurance protection and accelerating infrastructure repair, both promoting economic recovery. Enhancing population resilience relies primarily on measures such as housing security, life support, emergency evacuation support, and basic living security. Chengdu maintains relatively sound resilience construction under disaster chain scenarios, though certain aspects require further optimization.