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In order to address the requirements of low-carbon operation and safety in aircraft conflict resolution, an IVO method based on adaptive elliptical protected zones was proposed, taking into account aircraft carbon emissions and speed adjustment deviations. First, adaptive elliptical protected zones were constructed according to the velocity differences among aircraft. Second, aircraft flying on the same route with similar velocity vectors and close spatial proximity were grouped into clusters, and key characteristics such as cluster centroids, velocity vectors, and safety regions were defined. Then, a cluster control algorithm was applied to reasonably adjust the velocity vectors of aircraft within each cluster, ensuring the maintenance of safe separation during conflict resolution. Subsequently, velocity obstacle cones were established between clusters. By incorporating constraints on the maximum allowable adjustment per unit time and combining planar geometric analysis with a mathematical optimization model, conflict-free velocities and headings with minimal deviation were determined under low-carbon objectives. Finally, dynamic behaviour analysis was conducted through numerical simulations implemented in Python. The results show that, compared with the traditional velocity obstacle method, the proposed approach improves conflict resolution efficiency by 87.5%, reduces the average adjustment magnitude by 86.67%, and achieves fuel savings of up to 37.36%, demonstrating its effectiveness for aircraft conflict resolution and operational optimization in complex air traffic environments.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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