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To improve the application of small-angle inclined piles in collapsible loess areas，finite element models of 2×2 pile groups with three different inclination angles were established. The modulus reduction method was employed to simulate the collapsibility effect of loess，and the influence of loading and soaking sequences on the bearing characteristics of pile groups with different inclination angles was analyzed. The results indicate that，based on the conducted tests of 0，10 and 15° pile groups，under both loading-before-soaking and soaking-before-loading conditions，the displacement of the pile cap and the settlement of the surrounding foundation soil are smaller for inclined pile groups compared to vertical pile groups. Moreover，the inclined pile group is less affected by the water-induced collapsibility of loess. However，the bending moment and shear force of the inclined piles are higher than those of the vertical piles. Compared to the loading-before-soaking condition，the soaking-before-loading condition results in smaller pile cap displacements and soil settlements but larger internal forces in the inclined pile shafts. Additionally，the shaft friction of inclined piles is smaller under the soaking-before-loading condition. Inclined pile groups with larger inclination angles demonstrate superior load-bearing capacity and resistance to loess collapsibility induced by soaking. Pre-soaking treatment of loess foundations effectively enhances the ultimate bearing capacity of pile group foundations.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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