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To address the issues of complex environmental interference and low recognition rates in early-stage tunnel fire detection，an improved YOLOX-based detection method，YOLOX-T，was proposed. The proposed method incorporated a NAM into the YOLOX network to suppress environmental noise and interference，thereby enhancing the model's robustness. A weighted BiFPN was integrated to improve multi-scale feature extraction and fusion. Furthermore，an α-IoU(Intersection over Union) loss function was employed to enhance the detection accuracy of early-stage tunnel smoke and flames，which often exhibit indistinct contours. Addressing the scarcity of publicly available datasets，a tunnel fire dataset encompassing both real-world and simulated scenarios was constructed through web data acquisition，simulated fire experiments，and the augmentation of existing datasets. Experimental results on the self-built dataset demonstrate that，compared to the original YOLOX model，the YOLOX-T method achieves improvements of 1.89% in mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5)，0.88% in mAP@0.5~0.95，4.57% in precision，and 5.45% in recall. The improved algorithm can achieve better detection performance.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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