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In order to explore the microscopic response characteristics of hard rock under the loading and unloading stress paths, the diorite numerical model under 20 MPa confining pressure was carried out by using the PFC3D program. Then, the numerical simulation results were compared with the laboratory test results to verify the reliability of the numerical simulation scheme. On this basis, the change characteristics of micro particle velocity, contact force and tensile shear micro-crack along the axial and radial direction of the model during loading and unloading were studied. The results show that in the pre-peak stage, driven by synergistic effects of terminal energy input and lateral confinement, particle axial velocity exhibits higher values at the ends and lower values in the central region, while radial velocity increases linearly from interior to exterior. Contact normal forces demonstrate enhanced distribution characteristics along both axial (ends > center) and radial (periphery > core) directions, with sustained growth during loading. Tensile cracks dominate damage initiation, concentrating radially near unloading surfaces while distributing uniformly axially. In the post-peak stage, an abrupt reduction of lateral confinement triggers a dramatic particle velocity surge. Disintegration of force chains precipitates rapid decay in contact normal and shear forces. Accelerated propagation of tensile-shear micro-cracks occurs at the mesoscopic level, particularly with shear cracks concentrating and coalescing along double-shear planes, directly precipitating macroscopic bearing-capacity collapse.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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