In order to enhance the ability of civil airports to cope with adverse weather conditions, a two-layer assessment model for airport transportation service resilience was proposed, addressing both the overall level and specific elements. The first-layer model—a cloud-based assessment of airport overall resilience—was based on a clear definition and understanding of airport transportation service resilience. Starting from the four core resilience capabilities of absorption, adaptation, recovery, and optimization, a resilience indicator system comprising 28 evaluation elements was established. Based on the cloud model, evaluation standard clouds were determined, and the numerical characteristics of each layer of indicator clouds were calculated layer by layer to assess the overall resilience level of the airport. The second-layer model-identification of key resilience elements of civil airports was based on "importance + obstacle degree" of airport elements considering the contribution and obstruction degree to the overall resilience of the airport, proposed methods to characterize the importance and obstacle degree of airport elements, and comprehensively identified the key elements of airport resilience. Subsequently, a case study was conducted using Airport A as an example. The results indicate that the indicator system and evaluation model constructed in this paper can accurately assess the resilience level of airport transportation services and identify key resilience factors. Airport A's overall transportation service resilience score was 0.284 7, which is at a high resilience level and consistent with the actual situation. Among these, employee emergency rescue capabilities, employee psychological qualities, and employee years of service are key factors affecting airport resilience levels and require special attention and improvement.