Shuanghuanglian Powder Injection (SHLPI) is an innovative traditional Chinese medicine powder injection derived from Shuanghuanglian Injection (SHLI). It addresses the limitations of the conventional dosage form, such as poor stability and easy degradation of active ingredients, and has been widely used in the clinical treatment of respiratory system infections and viral diseases. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of reports on its adverse reactions, including allergic reactions, raising widespread concerns regarding its quality controllability and medication safety. Focusing on elucidating the material basis and establishing a quality control system for SHLPI, this study retrieves and integrates relevant data to summarize the research advances in its chemical components, pharmacological mechanisms, and the application of quality control technologies. It also identifies current challenges such as unclear pharmacodynamic mechanisms of certain components and inadequate coverage of quality control standards. This work aims to provide insights for improving the quality stability and medication safety of SHLPI, as well as scientific references for the upgrading of quality standards and secondary development.

Panax ginseng is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb with both therapeutic and nutritional properties, and ginsenosides are its principal active components. Due to the limited availability of wild resources, increasing market demand, and constraints of conventional cultivation methods, the development of an efficient and controllable in vitro culture system has become a major research focus. Based on recent multi-omics studies, this review summarizes the biosynthetic pathways of ginsenosides and the regulatory mechanisms of their key enzyme genes. It systematically discusses the advantages of adventitious root culture and its potential applications in the production of secondary metabolites, with particular emphasis on the effects of medium optimization, elicitor strategies, and environmental factors on ginsenoside production. Future studies should aim to uncover the post-modification steps in ginsenoside biosynthesis, integrate multi-omics data to construct dynamic metabolic models, and refine eco-friendly elicitation strategies to facilitate the industrial-scale application of adventitious root culture technology in P. ginseng production.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) dripping pills represent a modern dosage form founded on solid dispersion systems. Characterized by rapid dissolution, enhanced bioavailability, precise dosing, and convenient administration, they exhibit considerable potential in improving the release and absorption of multi-component TCM formulations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmaceutic characteristics of dripping pills, processing mechanisms, and recent advances in their intelligent manufacturingand and clinical applications. Particular attention is given to the physical states, as well as to the formulation characteristics underlying their rapid-release and solubilization behaviors that enhance oral absorption efficiency. Furthermore, by integrating intelligent manufacturing technology , this article discusses the engineering challenges and developmental strategies associated with process optimization and quality control. Overall, this review aims to offer theoretical insights and technical references for the systematic investigation, industrial upgrading, and clinical translation of TCM dripping pills.

Objective To screen, identify, and analyze the FsUGTs family from Forsythia suspensa based on transcriptomic data. Methods The FsUGTs gene family of F. suspensa was identified from transcriptomic and genomic data. Bioinformatics techniques were applied for comprehensive analysis to explore the physicochemical properties and subcellular localization of the proteins encoded by these genes. The evolutionary relationships among these gene family members were further revealed through phylogenetic tree construction, chromosomal localization, cis-acting element analysis, conserved motif analysis, domain analysis, and gene structure analysis. In addition, RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression patterns of FsUGTs in different tissues (roots, stems, leaves, and fruits), and correlation analysis was performed by integrating these results with the tissue distribution of phillyrin. Results After screening and identification in the F. suspensa transcriptome data, a total of 82 FsUGTs were finally obtained. Their amino acid lengths ranged from 385 to 558 amino acids (aa), relative molecular masses from 43 140—60 750, and theoretical isoelectric points (pI) from 4.81 to 8.26. These proteins are primarily localized to the plasma membrane and all contain the PSPG box domain. Phylogenetic analysis classified the 82 FsUGTsinto 17 groups: Group L contained the highest number of UGTs (16 members), followed by Groups A and E with ten and nine respectively, while no FsUGTs were distributed in Group Q. Chromosomal localization results showed that 16 FsUGTs were located on Chr10, with seven each on Chr11, Chr12, and Chr13, while Chr3 contained the fewest FsUGTs (only two). Analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that the expression of FsUGTs was most strongly influenced by light, followed by methyl jasmonate. Domain analysis revealed that all 82 FsUGTs contained three conserved domains, namely GT1_Gtf-like, PLN02448, and Glycosyltransferase_GTB-type superfamily. Correlation analysis between tissue-specific expression of FsUGTs and phillyrin content in different tissues indicated that FsUGT1-FsUGT3, FsUGT9, FsUGT12-FsUGT16, FsUGT18, FsUGT21-FsUGT24, and FsUGT31 may play roles in the glycosylation of phillygenin to form phillyrin. Conclusion This study identified and analyzed the physicochemical properties, cis-acting elements, protein structures, phylogenetic relationships, and tissue-specific expression of the FsUGTs family from F. suspensa. It also screened FsUGTs that may be involved in the glycosylation of phillygenin to phillyrin, laying a foundation for the further identification of phillygenin glycosyltransferases and the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the synthesis of medicinal components in F. suspensa.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by persistent fatigue as its core symptom, often accompanied by cognitive impairment, pain, sleep disturbances, and emotional abnormalities. Its pathophysiology involves the interplay of multiple factors including genetics, infection, dysbiosis, immune-inflammatory dysregulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic abnormalities. Clinically, the lack of specific diagnostic markers and effective treatment options have made CFS a significant public health challenge. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) classifies it under the categories of “consumptive disease” and “deficiency syndrome”. The core pathogenesis is attributed to dual deficiency of the spleen and kidney, leading to impaired qi transformation. Spleen deficiency results in inadequate transportation and transformation, causing deficiency of qi and blood, which in turn fails to nourish the limbs, leading to fatigue. Kidney deficiency manifests as depletion of essence and marrow, resulting in exhaustion of primordial energy, causing mental fatigue and weakness of tendons and bones. Mutual impairment of spleen and kidney disrupts qi transformation, causing internal retention of water and dampness, which further exacerbates deficiency. Throughout history, TCM case studies addressing CFS are not uncommon. Its holistic perspective and syndrome differentiation approach align with CFS’s complex, multi-targeted, and multi-pathway pathology. This study therefore systematically reviews the etiology and pathogenesis of CFS from both TCM and Western medical perspectives, summarizing the applications of both traditional and modern medicine in CFS treatment to provide insights for clinical management and academic research.

The controllability and scientific rigor of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) quality standards are fundamental to ensuring their clinical efficacy. The core limitation of current TCM quality standards lies in the inherent conflict between holistic and reductionist approaches, which hinders their international recognition under reductionist frameworks and significantly impedes TCM’s globalization. As a mathematical tool for processing complex high-dimensional data, tensor theory demonstrates exceptional computational efficiency when applied in artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies, thereby accelerating the development of sophisticated AI models and applications. Furthermore, tensor-based theoretical and algorithmic research in high-dimensional data modeling provides essential mathematical tools for practical problem-solving. By applying the second-order tensor correction method and the third-order tensor correction method, we can accurately analyze the components of TCM, thus establishing the logical relationship between the macro-quality of TCM and the micro-components, and effectively solving the contradiction between the integrity and reducibility of TCM quality. Therefore, tensor technology is expected to provide new theoretical support and technical means for the modernization of quality standards of TCM.

Oxidative stress is a central pathological process driving the onset and progression of multiple chronic diseases, characterized by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species and imbalance of endogenous antioxidant defenses. Puerarin, a natural isoflavone glycoside extracted from Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), exhibits potent multi-target antioxidant activities. Accumulating evidence indicates that puerarin alleviates oxidative stress and cell death processes such as ferroptosis, pyroptosis and apoptosis by directly scavenging free radicals, activating endogenous antioxidant systems, inhibiting pro-oxidant enzymes, modulating key signaling pathways such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and protein kinase B (Akt), and improving the functional homeostasis of cellular organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes. This review systematically summarizes the multi-target antioxidant mechanisms of puerarin, its current clinical applications, pharmacokinetic limitations, and recent advances in novel drug delivery systems, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development of puerarin as a precision-targeted therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Fuling (Poria cocos) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with a sweet, bland taste and neutral nature, which is attributed to the heart, lung, spleen, and kidney meridians. It exerts the effects of inducing diuresis to eliminate dampness, invigorating the spleen and tranquilizing the mind, and is mainly indicated for the treatment of symptoms and diseases including edema with oliguria, phlegm retention accompanied by vertigo and palpitations, poor appetite caused by spleen deficiency, loose stools and diarrhea, mental restlessness, and palpitations with insomnia. Studies have shown that the active components of P. cocos mainly include polysaccharides, triterpenes, sterols, and so on. It exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as diuretic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, lipid-regulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other effects. By systematically searching relevant literature at home and abroad, this study comprehensively reviews the chemical components and pharmacological effects of P. cocos, and further explores its potential mechanisms of action, aiming to provide new ideas and scientific basis for the modern research and clinical development of P. cocos.

Chinese medicine formulas (CMF) are the core means of clinical treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). As a key component of CMF, dosage forms can exert a decisive impact on the exertion of efficacy by altering the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes of drugs. “Same prescription, different dosage forms” refers to the diverse dosage forms formed by processing the same prescription through different preparation technologies, and its phenomenon of “different effects” has become a research hotspot in the field of TCM and a focus of clinical attention. Centering on “same prescription, different dosage forms, different effects”, this paper first constructs a complete logical chain of “differences in dosage form and preparation technology-changes in chemical composition profiles-differentiation of in vivo pharmacokinetic-differences in pharmacodynamic and clinical efficacy”. It systematically sorts out the differences of TCM with “same prescription, different dosage forms” in chemical composition, pharmacokinetics, in vitro activity, pharmacodynamics, clinical application and adverse reactions. It clarifies that the core of these differences lies in the fact that preparation technologies affect chemical composition profiles and dissolution behaviors, thereby significantly altering pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue distribution patterns, and ultimately leading to the differentiation of pharmacodynamic and clinical application. By establishing this logical chain, this paper aims to provide theoretical support for the precise design of TCM dosage forms, the improvement of quality standards, and the rational clinical drug selection, so as to promote the high-quality development of TCM with “same prescription, different dosage forms” in the process of precision medicine and internationalization.

Objective To initially analyze and determine the levels of potential quality Markers (Q-Markers) in four medicinal parts (spikes, stems, leaves, and roots) of Prunella vulgaris based on fingerprinting, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques.Methods Fingerprint profiles of the spikes, stems, leaves, and roots of P. vulgaris were established for eight different origins. The common and non-common peaks in the fingerprints of different parts were identified. To predict Q-Markers of P. vulgaris, similarity analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), TOPSIS analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed, utilizing network pharmacology. Additionally, quantitative analysis was conducted to provide a comprehensive quality evaluation. Results A total of 17 common peaks were identified in the spikes of eight batches of P. vulgaris, 22 in the stems, 21 in the leaves, and 16 in the roots. Peaks 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, and 20 were identified as caffeic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, salviaflaside, rosmarinic acid, and luteolin, respectively. Caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid were present in all four parts, with similarity values exceeding 0.97 within the same medicinal part, while the fingerprints of different medicinal parts showed significant differences. Network pharmacology screening identified 14 core targets, including PTGS2 and EGFR. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed involvement in protein polysaccharides in cancer, COVID-19, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. A “component-target-pathway” network diagram was developed. For molecular docking, 14 core targets and two components were chosen. The results indicated that the components exhibited strong binding properties with the proteins. Conclusion The established fingerprinting method is both accurate and reliable. Combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking technology, it predicted the activity of two potential Q-Markers in the four medicinal parts of P. vulgaris. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the comprehensive quality evaluation of P. vulgaris and the exploration of new medicinal parts.