The treatment of brain diseases is largely hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits drug delivery to the brain and contributes to nonspecific distribution and immune clearance. Although synthetic nanocarriers can improve drug pharmacokinetics, their long-term stability and biosafety remain uncertain. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have emerged as promising therapeutic and delivery platforms owing to their natural lipid bilayers, good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, scalability, and BBB-crossing potential. Carrying lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and bioactive small molecules, PDNVs integrate delivery capability with intrinsic therapeutic activity. Component-structure theory interprets the functions of multicomponent systems through elemental structure, quantitative-ratio structure, and phase structure. From this perspective, PDNVs can be regarded as natural composite nanovesicles formed by the ordered integration of endogenous components within membrane-confined spaces. This review discusses the relationships among PDNVs composition, membrane architecture, BBB-crossing delivery, and therapeutic effects in brain diseases, and summarizes engineering strategies for functional optimization. It provides an analytical framework for the rational design, quality control, and optimization of PDNVs as potential central nervous system drug delivery platforms.

plant-derived nanovesicles  /  component-structural theory  /  brain diseases  /  blood-brain barrier  /  engineering strategies