Ruxiang (Olibanum) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal material with a long history of clinical application, and it is known for its effects of promoting blood circulation, relieving pain, reducing swelling, and promoting tissue regeneration. To date, more than 400 compounds have been isolated and identified from Olibanum, among which diterpenoids and triterpenoids are considered the major bioactive constituents. Olibanum and its active components exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antitumor effects. The underlying mechanisms involve multiple pathways, such as the inhibition of inflammatory mediator release and the regulation of oxidative stress. This review summarizes the recent advances in the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Olibanum, aiming to provide a reference for its further development and utilization, as well as for related basic and clinical research.

Olibanum  /  diterpenoids  /  triterpenoids  /  anti-inflammatory  /  antitumor