Objective To achieve precise discrimination between Zhishi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, AFI) and Zhiqiao (Aurantii Fructus, AF), as well as to analyze samples from different geographical origins, using the maximum information entropy principle combined with total statistical moment analysis and entropy-weighted TOPSIS method, thereby providing a scientific basis for their rational clinical application. Methods The UPLC fingerprint conditions for 15 batches of AFI and 15 batches of AF were optimized based on the maximum information entropy principle. Total statistical moment analysis was employed to compare the two, combined with multi-component quantification and entropy-weighted TOPSIS for systematic evaluation, the key chemical components that distinguish the two were obtained, and comprehensive scores were calculated to classify AFI, AF, and samples from different origins. Results Under the maximum information entropy principle, the optimal UPLC fingerprint conditions for AFI and AF were determined at a detection wavelength of 245 nm. Total statistical moment parameters revealed significant differences in overall chemical composition between AFI and AF (P < 0.05), with the total chemical content of AFI being 2.26 times higher than that of AF. Entropy-weighted TOPSIS analysis ranked the contribution weights (W_j) of nine quantified components in descending order: neohesperidin > naringenin > hesperidin > eriocitrin > tangeretin > synephrine > narirutin > naringin > nobiletin. AFI samples generally scored higher than AF, with those from Ji’an (Jiangxi) ranking highest among AFI and those from Changde (Hunan) ranking highest among AF. Conclusion The established method effectively distinguishes AFI from AF with high specificity and demonstrates robust discriminative capability for samples of different geographical origins. Comprehensive scores showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), providing an objective basis for the precise application of these medicinal materials.

Aurantii Fructus Immaturus  /  Aurantii Fructus  /  UPLC fingerprint  /  maximum information entropy  /  total statistical moment  /  entropy-weighted TOPSIS  /  neohesperidin  /  naringenin  /  hesperidin  /  eriocitrin  /  tangeretin  /  synephrine  /  narirutin  /  naringin  /  nobiletin