Panax ginseng is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb with both therapeutic and nutritional properties, and ginsenosides are its principal active components. Due to the limited availability of wild resources, increasing market demand, and constraints of conventional cultivation methods, the development of an efficient and controllable in vitro culture system has become a major research focus. Based on recent multi-omics studies, this review summarizes the biosynthetic pathways of ginsenosides and the regulatory mechanisms of their key enzyme genes. It systematically discusses the advantages of adventitious root culture and its potential applications in the production of secondary metabolites, with particular emphasis on the effects of medium optimization, elicitor strategies, and environmental factors on ginsenoside production. Future studies should aim to uncover the post-modification steps in ginsenoside biosynthesis, integrate multi-omics data to construct dynamic metabolic models, and refine eco-friendly elicitation strategies to facilitate the industrial-scale application of adventitious root culture technology in P. ginseng production.

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer  /  adventitious root  /  ginsenoside  /  ginsenoside synthesis pathway  /  multi-omics analysis  /  culture conditions