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To analyze the fluid resistance characteristics of different drafting formations in marathon swimming using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, and provide theoretical guidance for selecting optimal drafting strategies in competitions and training.
Multi-swimmer models were established via three-dimensional body scanning technology, and various formation models (I-, A-, V-, L-, H-type) were created by adjusting lateral and longitudinal distances between swimmers. The ANSYS Discovery Live software was used to simulate the overall resistance of different models and the resistance of individual swimmers within formations.
The I3-type formation exhibited an overall drag reduction effect, reducing total resistance by 55.21%, whereas other formations increased overall resistance. The V-type formation showed the most significant resistance increase (31.88%). During drafting, the lowest resistance position was the rear position in the I3-type formation, while the highest resistance position was the middle position in the L-type formation. When leading, the fluid resistance of the leading swimmer in the A-type formation was significantly greater than that of an individual swimmer (P<0.05).
Longitudinal drafting formations demonstrated superior drag reduction effects, with the rear position in a three-person longitudinal arrangement showing the optimal drag reduction. Considering both tactical considerations and drag reduction effects, swimmers are advised to avoid the middle position in lateral formations.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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