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The mechanical interaction between glaciers and the underlying bedrock is a primary factor influencing ice avalanche disasters. However, research on the mechanical properties of the ice-rock interface remains limited. To further investigate the key mechanisms involved in the initiation of ice avalanches in high-altitude cold regions and to elucidate the main controlling factors and their underlying principles, this study designed and developed a small high-speed centrifuge device suitable for conducting debonding tests at the ice-rock interface. Systematic tests on the bonding strength of the ice-rock interface were carried out under various conditions. The main findings are as follows: (1) The centrifuge device demonstrates high testing efficiency and low data dispersion, facilitating strength tests of the ice-rock interface under multiple conditions, including tension, pure shear, and compressive shear. (2) The bonding strength of the ice-rock interface is closely related to temperature, rock surface roughness, and rock lithology. Lower temperatures lead to greater bonding strength, exhibiting an overall linear relationship. The bonding strength shows a nonlinear positive correlation with rock surface roughness; however, when roughness exceeds a certain threshold, the formation of interface cavities inhibits further increases in bonding strength. Rock lithology affects bonding strength with ice through factors such as porosity and mineral hydrophilicity. (3) A computational model for the bonding strength of the ice-rock interface was established, clarifying the quantitative relationships among bonding strength, temperature, roughness, and normal pressure. This study provides a novel experimental method for analyzing the mechanical properties of the ice-rock interface, and the results offer a quantitative basis for understanding the mechanisms of disaster and assessing the risks of ice avalanches in high-altitude cold regions.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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