As the primary industry in the nuclear fuel cycle, uranium mining and metallurgy plays a critical role in ensuring nuclear energy safety, making research on its radiation protection technologies highly significant. This paper systematically reviews the current status and progress in radiation protection technologies for uranium mining and metallurgy in China, while analyzing existing challenges and future development directions. The radiation risks in China's uranium mining and metallurgy industry are characterized by multi-source complexity and intertwined pathways, primarily stemming from internal exposure to radon and its progeny as well as external exposure to gamma radiation. In recent years, China has made progress in digital monitoring technologies, optimized protection designs, and innovative waste management solutions. However, the challenges remain, including limitations in radon ventilation protection technology, incomplete health risk assessment methods, insufficient coverage of monitoring networks, and inadequate performance of protective materials and equipment. Moving forward, China's uranium mining and metallurgy radiation protection efforts should focus on building an intelligent safety management platform, developing interdisciplinary radon migration models, and refining standard systems. By strengthening protection awareness, optimizing technologies and monitoring networks, the industry can achieve a transition from "risk control" to " risk prevention, " providing global uranium resource development with safety technology support and contributing to the sustainable development of nuclear energy.