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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary rumen-protected fat （RPF） supplementation on fat deposition and related genes expression of fattening yaks. Twenty-four male yaks with similar body weight （275.63±9.84 kg） were randomly assigned to three treatment groups （8 in each group）， which were 1） Control group （CON）： fed a basal diet； 2） 1.5% RPF supplementation group （RPF 1.5）： fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.5% RPF； 3） 3.0% RPF supplementation group （RPF 3.0）： fed the basal diet supplemented with 3.0% RPF， respectively. The experimental period was 90 d. At the end of the trial period， the longissimus dorsi muscle and abdominal adipose tissues were collected for the analysis of nutritients， fatty acid composition， adipose tissue morphology and related genes expression. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the muscle energy and protein content， the intramuscular fat （IMF） content varied significantly and increased with RPF supplementation （P<0.05）. the cis-11，14-eicosenenoic acid in muscular fatty acid composition of RPF3.0 was significantly greater than that of CON group （P<0.05）， in RPF 1.5 group， the cis， cis-8，11，14-eicosatrienoic acid and cis-5，8，11，14，17-eicosapentaoic acid were significantly greater than those in the CON group （P<0.05）. RPF had no significant effect on the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue. In terms of the adipose tissue morphology， the number of cells per unit area and mean cell area in IMF and mean cell area in abdominal fat increased gradually with the level of RPF addition. In longissimus dorsi muscle， the expression of transcriptional regulation factors PPARγ， SREBP-1， FABP4 were significantly higher in RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 group （P<0.05）. Yaks in RPF 3.0 group had significantly lower ACC and FAS genes expression which are key enzymes in de novo fat synthesis compared with CON group. And DGAT-1 and CPT-1 （P<0.05） genes expression in RPF 1.5 and RPF 3.0 group were significantly higher than those in CON group （P<0.05）. The expression of transcriptional regulation factor C/EBPα gene in abdominal adipose tissue increased significantly with the supplemental dose of RPF （P<0.05）， genes expression of PPARγ and FABP4 were significantly higher in the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups than in the CON group （P<0.05）. The ACC gene expression which is the key enzyme for de novo fat synthesis in the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups were significantly lower than that in the CON group （P<0.05）. DGAT-1 gene expression increased significantly with the addition of RPF （P<0.05）. Yaks of the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups had significantly higher gene expression of LPL when compared to CON ones （P<0.05）. It can be seen that dietary RPF supplementation can effectively promote IMF and abdominal fat deposition in fattening yaks， by regulating the gene expression of transcriptional regulation factors and key enzymes involed in fat metabolism， reducing de novo fat synthesis， utilizing directly the fatty acids derived from RPF for fat synthesis. The feeding effect of 3.0% RPF supplementation is better than 1.5%.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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