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Outline
Yaks are well-adapted to the extreme environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau， characterized by low temperatures， intense ultraviolet radiation， hypoxia， and nutritional stress， making them the dominant livestock species in high-altitude pastoral areas. Yak are multi-functional cattle breeds， possessing the performance of meat production， cashmere production， service use and milk production， however， their milk production performance has not undergone high-intensity breeding.Yaks have low milk yield but significantly higher milk fat， lactose and milk protein content.As the core organ for milk secretion， the development of yak mammary gland is regulated by complex network of genes， and the maintenance of its homeostasis and lactation is an intricate biological process of the organism， which relies on the coordinated functioning of multiple cells. With the development of omics technology and the deepening of functional genomics research，the core regulators of mammary gland development in human， mouse and common cow species have been analyzed， and the regulatory networks controlling key processes such as lactation and milk lipid secretion have been clarified. Although milk production is an economically important trait in yak， relatively few studies have been conducted on the regulatory network of mammary gland and lactation-regulating genes in yak.In this paper， the similarities and heterogeneity of yak mammary glands in terms of morphology， development， lactation mechanism， lactation performance and other aspects compared with mammary glands of other species were systematically summarized， and key scientific issues that need to be urgently addressed in yak-related aspects are presented with a view to providing important information for mammary gland biology research and identification of functional genes for milk production traits in yaks.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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