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This study aims to evaluate the biological characteristics of Trichinella spiralis nuclear hormone receptor-23 （NHR-23） and its potential for vaccine development. The recombinant TsNHR-23 protein （rTsNHR-23） was obtained via cloning and expression， followed by purification. Its immunoreactivity was assessed via Western blot， while transcriptional levels of the TsNHR-23 gene across different developmental stages of T. spiralis were analyzed using qPCR. In vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the inhibitory effect of anti-rTsNHR-23 polyclonal antibody on the molting of muscle larvae and to explore the effect of this protein on the function of mouse macrophages. The immune-protective efficacy of PLGA nanoparticle-encapsulated rTsNHR-23 was tested by immunizing ICR mice and analyzing parasite burden. The TsNHR-23 gene was transcribed across all developmental stages of T. spiralis， with the highest expression observed in muscle larvae （ML） stage. Anti-rTsNHR-23 antibodies significantly reduced larval molting rates and inhibited molting progression. The rTsNHR-23 protein significantly enhanced the transcription levels of IL-1β， IL-6， and IL-10 in mouse macrophages. Immune protection experiments demonstrated that mice immunized with the rTs-NHR-23 protein exhibited a highly significant increase in serum IgG antibody levels compared to the control group. After the first immunization， IGF-1 levels markedly decreased， while IL-6 and TGF-β levels increased. Following the second immunization， IGF-1 partially rebounded， whereas TGF-β showed significant downregulation. Post-challenge infection， compared to the control group， the immunized mice displayed significant reductions in the number of T.spiralis adult worms， the average number of newborn larvae produced per female worm， and the muscle larval burden. rTsNHR-23 exhibits potent inhibitory effects on ML molting， modulates macrophage functions， and significantly reduces parasitic load in immunized hosts， demonstrating promising potential as a candidate vaccine against T. spiralis.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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