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This study aimed to explore the impact of different photoperiods on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal （HPG） axis in poultry， to reveal the mechanisms by which light regulates the follicles development and egg production performance of hen， and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of technologies to regulate the reproduction of female poultry and enhance the reproductive performance of breeding poultry. A total of 860 healthy Xinghua hens， aged 290 days and in the egg-laying period， were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group. The experiment lasted for 61 days， with the control group maintained on a lighting schedule of 16.5L：7.5D throughout the experimental period. The lighting schedule for the treatment group was 16.5L：7.5D from day 1 to day 7， 12L：12D from day 8 to day 42， 18L：6D from day 43 to day 50， and 16.5L：7.5D from day 51 to day 61. Egg production was recorded throughout the experiment， and ovarian development， blood hormone levels， and reproductive axis factor expression were measured on days 8， 43， and 61， respectively. The results showed that under 16.5 hours of light exposure， there was no significant difference in egg production between the two groups. Shortening the light exposure to 12 hours significantly suppressed egg production， while extending it to 18 hours rapidly increased the egg production rate， which remained higher than that of the control group after restoring 16.5 hours of light exposure. Consistent with egg production， reducing light exposure significantly decreased the number of LYF and SYF in the ovaries， while extending light exposure quickly increased the number of LYF. However， changes in light exposure had no significant effect on the ovarian index or the number of LWF. Results showed that shortened photoperiod significantly reduced GnRH levels in the treatment group （P<0.05）， while extended photoperiod restored hormone levels to those comparable with the control group， though the differences were not significant （P>0.05）. Furthermore， shortened photoperiod significantly downregulated the expression of hypothalamic GnRH and TRH （P<0.01）. In contrast， extended photoperiod increased the expression of GnIH， GnRH， VIP， and TRH in the hypothalamus， though these changes were not significantly different （P>0.05）. GnRH protein expression followed a trend consistent with that of GnRH.In the pituitary gland， shortened photoperiod led to a significant reduction in the expression of GnRHR， FSH， and PRL （P<0.01）， and a moderate decrease in TSH and LH expression. Under extended photoperiod， the expression of GnRHR， TSH， FSH， and LH recovered to levels similar to the control group.In the ovaries， shortened photoperiod resulted in decreased expression of LHR， FSHR， GnRHR， and PRLR， with significant reductions in LHR and GnRHR （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Extended photoperiod restored the expression of these factors to control levels. Protein expression levels of FSHR， LHR， and PRLR were generally consistent with their corresponding gene expression trends， though none of the differences reached statistical significance （P>0.05）.In summary， these findings demonstrate that photoperiod regulates follicular development and laying performance in Xinghua chickens by modulating the expression of key factors along the reproductive axis. Shortened photoperiod downregulates the expression of reproductive-promoting factors and gonadal receptors， thereby reducing serum reproductive hormone levels and inhibiting both follicular development and egg production. Conversely， extended photoperiod upregulates reproductive factor expression， promoting follicular development and enhancing laying performance.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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