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Outline
Tetraploid embryo technology is an important tool for livestock genetic breeding and biomedical research， and its application potential is becoming more and more prominent. In this paper， we systematically review the key technologies， bottlenecks and future development directions of tetraploid in vitro embryo production in livestock. It focuses on the induction methods （e.g.， physical， chemical， and biological methods）， optimization of in vitro culture systems， and factors affecting the developmental efficiency of tetraploid embryos of major livestock species， such as pigs， cows， and sheep. By comparing the developmental characteristics of tetraploid embryos from different species， we reveal the core limiting factors such as abnormal activation of the embryonic genome and defective placental development. Combined with the cutting-edge technologies of gene editing and embryo-like culture， the application of this echnology in the fields of efficient breeding， disease modeling and xenotransplantation is envisioned， with a view to providing theoretical references and technological guidance for related research.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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