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Outline
Bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant biological entities on Earth. Within the human microbiome, they vastly outnumber eukaryotic viruses and commensal bacteria, serving as essential regulators of microecological balance. Traditionally viewed strictly as bacterial predators, phages are now known to form direct, bidirectional interaction networks with mammalian cells. Beyond indirectly affecting human health by altering bacterial communities, phages actively cross biological barriers to engage in direct crosstalk with immune cells and trigger specific immunological effects. This phage-mediated immunity encompasses receptor recognition, endocytic trafficking, and the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways. This review summarizes current progress in phage immunity by examining direct phage-mammalian cell interactions. We specifically focus on how phage structural characteristics dictate their internalization, intracellular localization, and subsequent immune regulation. Furthermore, we discuss the practical implications of phage immunity across various conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, chronic infections, systemic disorders, and emerging applications in cancer immunotherapy. Ultimately, this review aims to clarify the molecular and material basis of phage immunity, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the cross-kingdom regulation effects of phages and the development of phage-based immunotherapies.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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