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Outline
Nucleosides, as the basic structural units of nucleic acid molecules and important biological regulatory factors, have demonstrated extensive application value in multiple fields such as medicine, food, and chemical engineering. Nucleosides' biosynthesis mainly take place through two pathways of de novo synthesis and salvage synthesis. In recent years, with the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering technologies, the production efficiency of nucleosides has been significantly improved through strategies such as relief the metabolic regulation of nucleoside-producing bacteria, enhancement of key enzyme expression, and blocking of competitive and degradation pathways. However, the efficient biosynthesis of nucleosides still faces multiple challenges such as insufficient supply of precursors, feedback inhibition, uneven distribution of metabolic flow, and accumulation of potentially toxic products. This article systematically reviews the biosynthetic pathways of nucleosides and focuses on sorting out the latest research progress on metabolic engineering technology in modifying purine nucleoside (adenosine, guanosine, inosine) and pyrimidine nucleoside (cytidine, uridine, thymidine)-producing bacteria. The article delves deeply into the latest achievements in optimizing nucleoside synthesis pathways, enhancing metabolic fluxes, and increasing product accumulation through advanced strategies such as gene editing (like CRISPR/Cas systems), dynamic regulation, promoter engineering, and efflux protein modification. In addition, this paper also analyzes the regulatory mechanism of nucleosides biosynthesis, and in response to the current bottleneck problems, proposes future research directions and technical prospects, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and strategic references for the development of efficient nucleoside engineering strains, with the expectation of accelerating their industrialization process and meeting the increasingly diversified industrial demands.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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