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Against the dual constraints of shrinking carbon budgets and geopolitical rivalry for resource supplies, traditional manufacturing is confronted with various bottlenecks and needs to transform into a sustainable development mode imperatively. Microbial gas fermentation adopts feedstocks including industrial off-gas, gasification syngas, and natural gas to produce diversified products such as green biofuels, fine chemicals, and microbial proteins. With the advantages of high carbon utilization efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendliness, it plays a vital role in carbon resource recycling and emission reduction of greenhouse gases. This paper systematically reviews the research and industrial progress in microbial gas fermentation. First, the performance and limitations of three generations of biomass feedstocks are analyzed and compared, and the technical advantages of microbial gas fermentation are illustrated. Secondly, the core metabolic pathways, growth preferences, and product synthesis characteristics of different gas-fermenting microorganisms are summarized. For commercial application, this study comprehensively sorts out the technical characteristics and limiting factors of industrial gas fermentation processes including feed gas pretreatment, gas-liquid mass transfer, multistage continuous fermentation, and in-situ product recovery, as well as their impacts on the fermentation process. Meanwhile, this work reviews global and domestic industrial cases, and elaborates on the characteristics of core microbial strains, typical technical routes, and product structures of various enterprises. In addition, in view of the technical shortcomings and further development needs of industrial gas fermentation, feasible strategies are proposed, mainly including strain performance improvement, fermentation equipment upgrading, intelligent process control, and improvement of economic benefits. This review aims to provide pivotal insights into the scaled-up and industrial application of microbial gas fermentation technology.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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