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Under the strategic goal of carbon neutrality, enhancing the carbon atom utilization efficiency of microbial cell factories has emerged as a core scientific challenge and imperative technical demand for advanced green biomanufacturing. Conventional fermentation processes possess mature industrial applicability, yet they are constrained by inevitable carbon losses via oxidative decarboxylation in central carbon metabolism. Such inherent limitation hinders fundamental improvement in substrate carbon conversion efficiency and restricts the green and high-quality advancement of the biomanufacturing industry. Multi-carbon source co-fermentation enables the rational integration of carbohydrate substrates with C1 feedstocks (formic acid, methanol, and syngas) and C2 feedstocks (acetic acid), constructing a mixotrophic metabolic system featured with carbon skeleton complementation, energy supply synergy, and intracellular redox balance. This strategy offers an innovative technological paradigm to break the theoretical carbon yield bottleneck of conventional bioprocesses. This paper systematically reviews the advances in multi-carbon source co-fermentation driven by synthetic biology. We emphatically elaborate on metabolic pathway reconstruction and regulatory mechanisms of typical co-fermentation systems consisting of organic substrates, C1/C2 compounds, and industrial waste gas. The state-of-the-art applications in synthetic fuels, bio-based materials, and high-value natural product biosynthesis are summarized. Furthermore, this paper discusses the industrial potential of this technology in integrating carbon capture and utilization and high-value biomanufacturing, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and strategic references for the innovation of efficient biomanufacturing towards carbon neutrality.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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