One-carbon (C1) compounds, including CO₂, methanol, and formate, are regarded as promising feedstocks for sustainable biomanufacturing. Diverse natural carbon fixation pathways, such as the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP), have been extensively investigated. However, their inherent limitations in energy efficiency and carbon fixation rate have constrained the development of efficient C1 biomanufacturing systems, thereby motivating the rapid development of artificial C1 assimilation pathways. In recent years, a variety of artificial C1 assimilation pathways have been designed for the utilization of CO₂, methanol, and formate, and their functions have been validated in both in vitro and in vivo systems, providing new approaches for the construction of efficient C1-based biomanufacturing platforms. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in artificial C1 assimilation pathways using CO₂, methanol, and formate as substrates, with a particular focus on pathway design, the engineering and optimization of key enzymatic components, and the construction and application of artificial pathways in microbial chassis. In addition, this paper discusses the future perspectives on artificial carbon fixation, providing guidance and insights for the development of efficient and sustainable C1 biomanufacturing systems.