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[Objective] To characterize the successional dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during leaf litter decomposition and elucidate the associations between keystone taxa and substrate component losses, thereby advancing our understanding of microbial regulation during litter decomposition in forest ecosystems. [Methods] We established an indoor microcosm with the leaf litter from Alnus cremastogyne to track microbial community succession during the litter decomposition. High-throughput sequencing, chemical composition analysis, and bacterial-fungal cross-domain co-occurrence network analysis were integrated to characterize microbial community dynamics, identify keystone taxa, and test their associations with loss rates of major chemical components across four decomposition stages (initial, 45%, 75%, and 90% mass loss). [Results] At the phylum level, bacterial and fungal community composition showed only minor changes in relative abundance across stages, with Pseudomonadota (relative abundance of 50%- 80%) dominating bacterial communities and Ascomycota (>95%) dominating fungal communities. In contrast, pronounced stage-dependent succession was observed at the genus level. Decomposition stage accounted for substantial variations in bacterial (R2=0.573, P<0.001) and fungal (R2=0.377, P<0.001) community structures. With the progression of decomposition, cross-domain networks exhibited increased nodes and connectivity and shifted from loose to modular structures, with positive correlations consistently exceeding negative correlations. The number of keystone taxa increased over time and became progressively dominated by fungi. During the first three decomposition stages, the number of bacterial nodes accounted for approximately 75% of total nodes, whereas at the 90% decomposition stage, the number of fungal nodes increased markedly (from 103 to 320), resulting in comparable proportions of bacterial and fungal nodes. At the 45% decomposition stage, keystone bacterial taxa were primarily associated with losses of non-structural components and hemicellulose, whereas at the 75% and 90% decomposition stages, keystone fungal taxa were more closely associated with cellulose and lignin losses. Functional predictions further supported this stage-specific division of labor, indicating stronger potential of structural carbon degradation at the late stages of decomposition. [Conclusion] Bacteria and fungi jointly participate in A. cremastogyne leaf litter decomposition with temporally differentiated contributions. Bacteria play a more prominent role during early and middle stages, whereas fungi become increasingly important at late stages. These findings indicate coordinated shifts in microbial community structure and resource utilization rather than simple taxonomic replacement, contributing new insights into microbial regulation during litter decomposition.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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