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Objective To determine the composition, diversity, functional metabolic characteristics, and their association with environmental factors of the microbial community in Xiaochaidan Salt Lake, and to evaluate its ecological functions and potential risk as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Methods Metagenomic sequencing was applied to water-sediment mixed samples from the lake. Databases including non-redundant protein database (NR), clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy), and comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) were used to annotate microbial taxonomy, functional genes, metabolic pathways, and ARGs. Additionally, Hellinger transformation-based principal component analysis (tb-PCA) was conducted to link microbial community structures with environmental factors. Results The salt lake exhibited high microbial diversity (Shannon index: 5.620-6.112), with a total of 16 850 identified species. Bacteria dominated the microbial community (relative abundance of 91.89%), mainly represented by Pseudomonadota (57.22%) and Bacteroidota (14.64%). Archaea (3.77%) were absolutely dominated by Euryarchaeota (92.64%). Siphoviridae and saprotrophic Oomycetes were the most dominant taxa in the viral and eukaryotic communities, respectively. Association analysis with environmental factors demonstrated that bacterial distribution was primarily driven by Cl-, whereas archaeal community distribution was co-driven by Na+, Cl-, and SO42-. Metabolic functions related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were highly active, as reflected by the enrichment of glycosyltransferase and glycoside hydrolase genes. Notably, diverse ARGs were detected, which were primarily conferred by efflux pump systems (e.g., novA). Conclusion Xiaochaidan Salt Lake harbors a complex and functionally synergistic microbial ecosystem. Local differences in ionic concentrations represent the primary driver of niche differentiation between bacteria and archaea. To adapt to this extreme habitat, indigenous microbes have evolved a strategy that integrates conservative osmoregulation and flexible carbon metabolism. The high abundance of efflux pump-associated ARGs implies that this hypersaline lake serves as a natural reservoir for ARGs, underscoring the potential risk of their ecological dissemination.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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