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Open-air piling of coal gangue severely disrupts the soil structure and regional ecosystem health. Inoculation with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is an effective strategy to control acid pollution derived from coal gangue, as SRB can reduce sulfate and immobilize heavy metals. However, the remediation performance of SRB in coal gangue piles and the associated ecological response patterns along the depth gradient remain unclear. Objective To elucidate the overall ameliorating effect of SRB remediation on coal gangue piles, and to characterize the differentiation patterns and driving mechanisms of soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and microbial functions along the vertical profile during remediation. Methods A typical coal gangue pile in an open-pit coal mine in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China was selected as the study site. Coal gangue piles with SRB remediation (treatment group) and without remediation (control group) were established. In the control dump, 0-20 cm mixed soil samples were collected to represent the background condition. In the SRB-remediated pile, soil samples were collected from the 0-5 cm shallow layer (SL), 5-10 cm middle layer (ML), and 10-20 cm deep layer (DL). Soil physicochemical properties were determined, and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was performed. PICRUSt2 was used to predict microbial functions. Differences between groups and between vertical gradients within the treatment group were compared. Results Compared with the control, SRB remediation significantly increased the overall soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil organic matter (SOM) content of the coal gangue pile, and markedly enhanced the alpha diversity and altered the structure of the bacterial community. With the increase in depth of the remediated pile, pH, EC, and SOM increased progressively, while available potassium first increased and then decreased. The relative abundance of dominant bacterial phyla changed significantly along the depth gradient, and the complexity of the co-occurrence network (number of nodes, number of edges, and average degree) also increased. Soil pH and EC were identified as key environmental drivers of community structural variations. Functional prediction indicated that the abundance of genes related to carbon fixation, nitrogen cycling, and sulfur cycling in the deep layer was significantly higher than that in shallow and middle layers. Conclusion SRB bioremediation not only improved the overall soil environment and microbial community of the coal gangue pile but also shaped a depth-dependent differentiation pattern of environmental conditions and microbial functions within the pile. These findings provide an important theoretical basis for the long-term stable remediation of coal gangue piles and the regulation of microbially mediated processes.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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