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The deep sea encompasses a wide range of ecosystems, including cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, seamounts, and hadal trenches, whose extreme environmental conditions support diverse and unique microbial communities. Among them, viruses, as one of the most abundant biological entities on Earth, exhibit remarkable novelty in terms of genome composition, functional proteins, and evolutionary lineages and play crucial roles in regulating microbial community structure, driving biogeochemical cycles, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep-sea sampling technologies, high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics approaches, and artificial intelligence-based analyses, a vast number of uncultivated deep-sea viral genomes have been identified, revealing a substantial reservoir of viral “dark matter” and significantly expanding our understanding of viral diversity, ecological functions, and adaptive strategies in deep-sea environments. Accumulating evidence indicates that deep-sea viruses participate in ecological processes through diverse infection strategies, including lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infections. During long-term adaptation to extreme environments and virus-host coevolution, deep-sea viruses have accumulated a rich repertoire of unique genetic resources, including virus-encoded functional genes and enzymes with significant potential for biotechnological applications. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the abundance, distribution, diversity, ecological functions, and genetic resource exploration of deep-sea viruses. Furthermore, this paper discusses the main challenges and future perspectives in this field, with the aim of providing a theoretical framework for a deeper understanding of deep-sea microbial ecological processes and the sustainable utilization of deep-sea genetic resources.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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