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Objective To determine the cause of death of an adult crocodile in the Alligator sinensis Management Center in Anhui Province. Methods Bacteria were isolated from the heart, liver, lung, and spleen via the culture method, and the isolates were identified by morphological observation, biochemical tests, and molecular biological methods. Furthermore, the mucus phenotype was determined by means of the string test. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was conducted on the basis of seven housekeeping loci. Virulence gene analysis, pathogenicity test, drug resistance gene analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted to clarify the pathogenicity and drug resistance of the isolates. Results The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the four organs were morphologically consistent Gram-negative bacilli. Through biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene and khe sequencing, the isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae YZE01, capsular serotype K2. String test showed that the strain was hypermucinous K. pneumoniae, and MLST analysis showed that the strain belonged to sequence type 25 (ST25). The strain carried six virulence genes: fimH, entB, rmpA, rmpA2, mrkD, and wabG. Pathogenicity tests showed that some of the tested mice died within 24 h after infection with YZE01, and the same strain was isolated from the heart, liver, lung, and spleen. The lung tissue of infected mice showed hemorrhage and congestion lesions to different degrees. In addition, RT-qPCR revealed that the transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the lung peaked at 12 h post-infection and then declined. The strain carried three drug resistance genes (blaSHV, armA, and ermB), and it was not sensitive to cephalexin, cefazolin, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clindamycin. Conclusion The isolated strain K. pneumoniae YZE01 carries a variety of virulence genes and has strong pathogenicity and drug resistance. It is considered as a major cause of death in A. sinensis. The findings are conducive to the prevention and control of diseases in A. sinensis.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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