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[Objective] Cold seeps and hydrothermal fields are typical chemosynthetic ecosystems in the ocean. With distinctive physicochemical properties, they harbor unique microbial communities. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), one of the most abundant organic sulfur-containing compounds on Earth, is synthesized and degraded by a variety of marine bacteria, which plays an important role in driving carbon and sulfur cycles in the ocean. In this study, we isolated and identified DMSP-synthesizing and degrading bacteria from the F-cold seep of the South China Sea and hydrothermal fields of the Okinawa Trough and analyzed their diversity and distribution, aiming to expand the understanding of these bacteria in the ocean. [Methods] Water, sediment, and animal samples were collected at different depths from both the F-cold seep of the South China Sea and the Yaeyama Knoll hydrothermal field of the Okinawa Trough. Three enrichment media (l-methionine addition and high salinity and low nitrogen for DMSP-synthesizing bacteria; DMSP addition for DMSP-degrading bacteria) and the 2216E medium were used for the enrichment and isolation of bacteria. The taxonomic status of strains was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the abilities of representative strains to synthesize or degrade DMSP were assessed. [Results] A total of 874 culturable strains were obtained. Gammaproteobacteria emerged as the dominant class in the three media, and Marinobacter was the most abundant genus. The number and diversity of culturable strains obtained from cold seep samples after enrichment were higher than those from the hydrothermal field. The 14 strains of DMSP-synthesizing bacteria from the cold seep belonged to 7 genera, including 5 Thalassospira strains carrying the DMSP synthesis gene mmtN and 2 Pseudooceanicola strains carrying dsyB. A total of 130 DMSP-degrading bacterial strains were obtained from the cold seep, belonging to 39 genera, among which Glutamicibacter was the most abundant genus (24 strains) without known genes associated with DMSP degradation. There was only 1 strain of DMSP-synthetizing bacteria and 18 strains of DMSP-degrading bacteria from the hydrothermal field, both were much fewer than those from the cold seep. The strains with DMSP cleavage pathway accounted for 98.6% of the total DMSP-degrading strains (148), among which 55 strains had strong cleavage activity and were mainly Actinobacteria. Among the 40 strains with strong DMSP-degrading activity, 9 strains contained known cleavage genes and 3 strains contained known demethylation genes. [Conclusion] Abundant DMSP-synthesizing and -degrading bacteria exist in F-cold seep of the South China Sea and hydrothermal fields of the Okinawa Trough, including a variety of bacterial groups carrying potential novel DMSP synthesis/degradation genes. This study provides a basis for further understanding the microbial-driven organosulfur cycling in chemosynthetic ecosystems.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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