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[Objective] To investigate the effects of a metabolite cocktail composed of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), sodium butyrate (SB), and valeric acid (VA) of gut microbiota on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Methods] The human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with the cocktail at different concentrations (1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, and 5×). The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the cells were determined by the total cholesterol and triglyceride assay kits. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were employed to examine the cell proliferation. Twelve BALB/c athymic nude mice were randomized into a control (Ctrl) group and a treatment (Treat) group and then subjected to subcutaneous injections of HepG2 cells. The tumor size was measured every three days, and the tumor volume and tumor inhibition rate were calculated. When the tumor volume reached 100 mm3, the mice in the Ctrl group were administered with sterile water by gavage daily, while those in the Treat group received the cocktail via gavage until euthanized under anesthesia. After 27 days of treatment, the body weights of mice in both groups were measured, and tumors were excised and weighed, with the tumor weight/body weight ratio calculated. The content of Ki-67 protein in the tumors was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and the lipid accumulation within tumor cells was assessed by Oil Red O staining. [Results] The cocktail of IPA, SB, and VA lowered the levels of TC and TG in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and exerted an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Both CCK-8 and colony formation assays indicated that the cocktail inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The oral administration of the cocktail inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, as evidenced by smaller and lighter tumors and lower tumor weight/body weight ratios in the Treat group than in the Ctrl group (Ctrl: 723 mm3, 0.47 g, 22.23%; Treat: 526 mm3, 0.32 g, 16.65%). IHC and Oil Red O staining further demonstrated reductions in Ki-67 expression and lipid accumulation in the mice administered with the cocktail via gavage. [Conclusion] The cocktail of IPA, SB, and VA can inhibit the proliferation and suppress the lipid synthesis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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