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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), a group of the most toxic proteins, can cause muscle paralysis and even lead to death in severe cases. BoNTs can be classified into 7 serotypes (BoNT/A−BoNT/G) and further classified into more than 40 subtypes according to the differences in amino acid sequences. BoNTs consist of three basic domains: the C-terminal receptor-binding domain of the heavy chain, the N-terminal translocation domain, and the light-chain catalytic domain. On the surface of motor neurons, the receptor-binding domain binds first to polysialoganglioside and subsequently to synaptic vesicle protein 2 or synaptotagmin to form a two-receptor complex. The functioning of each serotype relies on the binding of the receptor-binding domain to the corresponding receptor. BoNTs have always been a research hotspot in terms of the structure, function, and effect on the host. The role of the receptor-binding domain in promoting the specific binding of BoNTs to motor neurons has become a new research direction. This review summarizes the structural changes of the receptor-binding domains and the differences in binding sites during the binding of different serotypes of BoNTs to receptors. By analyzing the sequences and structural characteristics of the receptor-binding domains of different serotypes and subtypes, we can fully understand the sequence differences and functions of the receptor-binding domain and give insights into the treatment of BoNTs.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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