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Listeria monocytogenes, a major zoonotic food-borne intracellular pathogen, is ubiquitous in the natural environment and easily contaminates animal-derived food products. The consumption of the contaminated food can cause severe listeriosis in both humans and animals, with the mortality rate reaching up to 30%. The antimicrobial therapy is the only feasible approach for treatingL.monocytogenes infection sinceL.monocytogenes is susceptible to multiple antimicrobials. However, the reports of multidrug-resistant strains are increasing due to the selective pressure exerted by the irrational use of antimicrobials or disinfectants. The antimicrobial resistance mechanisms ofL.monocytogenes are complex. Efflux pump proteins are crucial in bacteria and participate in various biological processes. Specifically, they can influence bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics, facilitate the efflux of toxic compounds, and affect bacterial virulence. Over the last two decades, scholars have conducted research on the efflux pumps-mediated resistance ofL.monocytogenes, identifying several efflux pump proteins associated with the efflux of antibiotics or toxic compounds. Additionally, some efflux pumps are involved in the virulence expression process ofL.monocytogenes. This paper reviews the research advances in the functions and regulatory mechanisms of efflux pumps in multidrug-resistantL.monocytogenes. It provides a theoretical foundation for probing into the environmental adaption mechanisms ofL.monocytogenes, curbing the spread of this pathogen, and identifying new drug targets for combating infections.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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