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The roles of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis and rehabilitation of neurodegenerative diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and musculoskeletal systemic diseases in the elderly are receiving increasing attention. Gut microbiota and its metabolites can regulate the functions of the cranial nervous system and the musculoskeletal system through various pathways, involving the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. Conversely, the gut, brain, and musculoskeletal system can act on the intestinal system via inflammatory, metabolic, and mitochondrial pathways to regulate the gut microbiota. Accordingly, bidirectional signaling mechanisms are formedvia the gut-brain, gut-muscle, and gut-brain-muscle axes, which affect the organism health. This review summarizes that gut microbiota establishes gut-brain-muscle interconnections mainly through metabolites, intestinal permeability, and immune-neural pathways, providing new ideas for improving the brain neuroplasticity and muscle health.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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