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Nucleotide second messengers regulate metabolism, development, and environmental adaptation of actinobacteria: a review
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Xiaohui TANG, Yifan LIANG, Jingqi LI, Di YOU*, Bangce YE*
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(3) : 1045 - 1061
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(3): 1045-1061
• Review •
Nucleotide second messengers regulate metabolism, development, and environmental adaptation of actinobacteria: a review
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Xiaohui TANG, Yifan LIANG, Jingqi LI, Di YOU*, Bangce YE*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Published: 2026-03-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250809
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Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria of major ecological and biotechnological importance, responsible for organic matter turnover in nature and serving as a primary source of antibiotics and other bioactive natural products. Their complex physiological adaptation and life cycles are regulated by sophisticated signal transduction networks. This review examines the metabolism, signaling, and regulatory networks of nucleotide second messengers including cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and (p)ppGpp in the morphologically complex Streptomyces with rich secondary metabolites and pathogenic Mycobacterium with host adaptation. We discuss how these second messengers interact with other signaling systems, such as two-component systems, quorum sensing, and protein acylation, to integrate environmental and developmental cues. This coordination regulates the growth, development, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and environmental adaptation of actinobacteria. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review provides reference for understanding the integrity and dynamics of the signal transduction system of actinobacteria, as well as their potential applications in the basic research of life sciences and in the fields of biotechnology and medicine.

actinobacteria  /  second messengers  /  metabolic regulation
Xiaohui TANG, Yifan LIANG, Jingqi LI, Di YOU, Bangce YE. Nucleotide second messengers regulate metabolism, development, and environmental adaptation of actinobacteria: a review[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (3) : 1045 -1061 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250809
Funding
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  • National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0917100)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(32570075)
  • Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401089)
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Year 2026 volume 66 Issue 3
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250809
  • Receive Date：2025-10-29
  • Online Date：2026-03-12
  • Published：2026-03-04
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-10-29
  • Accepted：2025-12-29
Funding
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0917100)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32570075)
Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401089)
Affiliations
    State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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