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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cloven-hoofed animals. FMDV is a single-stranded positive-sense non-enveloped RNA virus with icosahedral symmetry. FMDV can cause innate and adaptive immunity of the host, and it has evolved a variety of immune escape ways. The FMDV infection is a complicated process involving various host proteins. However, the related mechanisms remain largely unknown. Voltage dependent anion-selective channel 2 (VDAC2) is a mitochondrial channel protein, and the specific mechanism by which VDAC2 regulates FMDV replication remains unclear. [Objective] To confirm the regulatory effects between VDAC2 and FMDV and reveal the molecular mechanism by which VDAC2 inhibits FMDV replication. [Methods] The subcellular localization of VDAC2 was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. The effects of FMDV on the translation and transcription levels of VDAC2 were determined by Western blotting and qPCR, respectively. The effect of VDAC2 overexpression on FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells was measured based on the virus titer. The effects of VDAC2 overexpression and knockdown on the levels of IL-1β, ISG15, OAS1, mtDNA, and gDNA during FMDV infection were evaluated by qPCR. [Results] VDAC2 was localized in the cytoplasm. FMDV infection down-regulated the expression of VDAC2. The overexpression of VDAC2 inhibited FMDV replication in a dose-dependent manner, while the knockdown of VDAC2 promoted FMDV replication. The overexpression of VDAC2 enhanced FMDV-induced interferon-I (IFN-I) response, while the knockdown of VDAC2 inhibited FMDV-induced IFN-I response. In addition, the overexpression of VDAC2 increased the release of mtDNA. [Conclusion] FMDV infection can downregulate the transcription and translation of VDAC2, as VDAC2 can exert antiviral effects by regulating mtDNA release and promoting the expression of antiviral factors such as IL-1β, ISG15, and OAS1. This study indicates that upon FMDV infection, host cells can regulate the virus replication by enhancing IFN-I response via VDAC2 to exert antiviral effects.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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