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Functional diversity of RSH proteins, key regulators of bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp metabolism
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Miao WANG1, 2, Yufei XIANG1, 2, Longlong HE1, 2, Qin ZHOU1, 2, Dan XU1, 3
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2025, 65(5) : 1958 - 1975
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2025, 65(5): 1958-1975
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Functional diversity of RSH proteins, key regulators of bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp metabolism
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Miao WANG1, 2, Yufei XIANG1, 2, Longlong HE1, 2, Qin ZHOU1, 2, Dan XU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Department of Implant Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 3.Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
Published: 2025-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240729
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The bacterial stringent response refers to the adaptive reaction that bacteria exhibit when faced with adverse environmental conditions, altering their metabolism and reducing the growth rate to enhance survival and adaptability. The rapid accumulation of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp), collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp in this article, mediates the stringent response, playing a crucial role in microbial adaptation to environmental changes. The levels of (p)ppGpp within bacteria are regulated by RelA/SpoT homologue (RSH) proteins, which include small alarmone synthetases (SASs), small alarmone hydrolases (SAHs), and bifunctional proteins such as Rel. Furthermore, recent studies have identified a new bacterial alarmone, adenosine tetraphosphate (ppApp) and adenosine pentaphosphate (pppApp), collectively referred to as (p)ppApp, which is involved in the regulation of various biological processes in bacteria. The enzymes involved in (p)ppGpp metabolism vary among different bacterial species. This study systematically classifies and reviews the structural and biochemical characteristics of the known RSH proteins and summarizes their biochemical functions, aiming to promote further exploration and development in this field.

(p)ppGpp  /  bacterial stringent response  /  (p)ppApp  /  RelA/SpoT homologue proteins  /  nucleotide metabolism
Miao WANG, Yufei XIANG, Longlong HE, Qin ZHOU, Dan XU. Functional diversity of RSH proteins, key regulators of bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp metabolism[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (5) : 1958 -1975 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240729
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270188)
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Year 2025 volume 65 Issue 5
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240729
  • Receive Date：2024-11-15
  • Online Date：2026-02-05
  • Published：2025-05-04
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2024-11-15
  • Accepted：2025-01-23
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270188)
Affiliations
    1.Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
    2.Department of Implant Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
    3.Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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