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Structures and functions of APOBEC family members and their roles in disease control
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Zhijie ZHANG1, 2, Songqi WANG1, 3, Jingjing NIE1, Yunzhi QU1, Haiyan SHEN1
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2025, 65(5) : 1849 - 1866
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2025, 65(5): 1849-1866
• Review •
Structures and functions of APOBEC family members and their roles in disease control
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Zhijie ZHANG1, 2, Songqi WANG1, 3, Jingjing NIE1, Yunzhi QU1, Haiyan SHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 2.College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
  • 3.College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Published: 2025-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240673
Outline
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Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic peptide (APOBEC) constitute a conserved family of cytidine deaminase enzymes. The family members have different functions in the body, and they play an important role in the immune defense of the host. AID plays a role mainly in the adaptive immune systems of vertebrates, mediating class switch recombination, antibody affinity maturation, and antibody diversity generation. APOBEC1 capable of catalyzing cytosine deamination, mediating RNA editing for cellular regulation, and resisting retroviral infection is involved in tumorigenesis and cancer development. APOBEC2, most abundant in cardiac and skeletal muscle, is associated with muscle fiber type switch, loss of weight, muscle development, and myopathy. Moreover, it may have potential indirect effects in controlling gene expression. APOBEC3s play key roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are involved in the inhibition of retrotransposon functioning and viral infection, DNA degradation, RNA editing, and cell cycle regulation. The APOBEC4 gene is conserved in various animal species, with the active center sequence different from those of other APOBEC proteins. It is widely recognized that APOBEC4 is a uridine-editing enzyme, which has antiviral activity. The research is limited regarding the animal-derived APOBEC family members. This review describes the structural characteristics and biological functions of APOBEC family members, providing reference for research on the roles of animal-derived APOBEC family members in the immune responses and disease control. In addition, this review provides new ideas for the development of antivirals by enhancing the activities of APOBEC family members.

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC)  /  activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)  /  APOBEC3s  /  biologic function
Zhijie ZHANG, Songqi WANG, Jingjing NIE, Yunzhi QU, Haiyan SHEN. Structures and functions of APOBEC family members and their roles in disease control[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (5) : 1849 -1866 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240673
Funding
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  • Open Competition Program of Top Ten Critical Priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-year Plan of Guangdong Province(2024KJ14)
  • Special Fund for Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province(2023B1212060040)
  • State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry Project(2023QZ-NK13)
  • State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry Project(ZQQZ-55)
  • State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry Project(2023QZ-NK05)
  • Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515011125)
Appendix
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Year 2025 volume 65 Issue 5
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210
91
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240673
  • Receive Date：2024-10-31
  • Online Date：2026-02-05
  • Published：2025-05-04
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2024-10-31
  • Accepted：2024-12-31
Funding
Open Competition Program of Top Ten Critical Priorities of Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation for the 14th Five-year Plan of Guangdong Province(2024KJ14)
Special Fund for Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province(2023B1212060040)
State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry Project(2023QZ-NK13)
State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry Project(ZQQZ-55)
State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry Project(2023QZ-NK05)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515011125)
Affiliations
    1.Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
    2.College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
    3.College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Citations
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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