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Peptidoglycan fragments as key signaling molecules
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Penshan SHEN, Yanqun LIANG, Yiwei HU, Yu CHEN, Jingxiao CAI, Zhiliang YU, Jianhua YIN
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(2) : 516 - 527
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(2): 516-527
• Review •
Peptidoglycan fragments as key signaling molecules
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Penshan SHEN, Yanqun LIANG, Yiwei HU, Yu CHEN, Jingxiao CAI, Zhiliang YU, Jianhua YIN
Affiliations
  • College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Published: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250611
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Peptidoglycan as a key component of the bacterial cell wall is essential for maintaining bacterial morphology and osmotic stability. During normal bacterial growth, peptidoglycan is continuously remodeled through synthesis and hydrolysis, achieving a dynamic equilibrium. Peptidoglycan hydrolases play a central role in regulating peptidoglycan homeostasis, and the hydrolysis products (peptidoglycan fragments) are recycled for biosynthesis via the peptidoglycan recycling pathway. Growing evidence indicates that peptidoglycan fragments function as important signaling molecules to regulate critical physiological processes such as antibiotic resistance, endospore germination, and interspecies interactions, greatly expanding our understanding of bacterial physiological regulation. This review summarizes the major classes of bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases and highlights recent advances in the role of peptidoglycan fragments as signaling molecules in regulating cellular processes, providing a theoretical foundation for further exploration of the multifaceted physiological functions of bacterial peptidoglycan.

bacterial cell wall  /  peptidoglycan  /  peptidoglycan fragments  /  signal molecules  /  gene expression regulation
Penshan SHEN, Yanqun LIANG, Yiwei HU, Yu CHEN, Jingxiao CAI, Zhiliang YU, Jianhua YIN. Peptidoglycan fragments as key signaling molecules[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 516 -527 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250611
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  • the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270044)
Appendix
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Year 2026 volume 66 Issue 2
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250611
  • Receive Date：2025-08-07
  • Online Date：2026-02-05
  • Published：2026-02-04
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-08-07
  • Accepted：2025-09-04
Funding
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270044)
Affiliations
    College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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