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Designing a broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine against human parainfluenza virus: an immunoinformatics approach
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Lingling CHEN1, Yang LI2, Henan CAO1, Xiao JIANG1, Jiaqi NIE1, Shulei JIA1, *
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(1) : 456 - 475
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(1): 456-475
• Technology and Method •
Designing a broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine against human parainfluenza virus: an immunoinformatics approach
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Lingling CHEN1, Yang LI2, Henan CAO1, Xiao JIANG1, Jiaqi NIE1, Shulei JIA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology (CapitalBio), Beijing, China
Published: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250558
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[Objective] Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is a key factor in global acquired respiratory infections, and there is no specific therapy available. Due to the complexity and variability of the pathogen antigen, the development of vaccines against HPIV-3 is lagging behind. It is crucial to design a novel broad-spectrum vaccine for comprehensive protection against continuously mutated wild-type strains. [Methods] To overcome the antigenic variation of the virus, we downloaded different HPIV-3 antigen proteins (F, M, N, and HN proteins) from NCBI and generated consensus sequences through sequence alignment. Furthermore, a broad-spectrum T cell epitope vaccine targeting HPIV-3 was predicted and designed via methods of reverse vaccinology. [Results] The multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) incorporated 11 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes (9-mer) and 11 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes (15-mer) from the F, M, N and HN proteins, being composed of 355 amino acid residues without adjuvant. The predicted T cell epitopes had solubility, no allergenicity, high antigenicity, and immunogenicity. The designed vaccine can effectively bind to Toll-like receptors in natural immunity, with good stability, hydrophilicity, and high population coverage. [Conclusion] The designed vaccine could be a candidate vaccine against HPIV-3 infection. We provide a novel immunoinformatics approach for vaccine design and development.

human parainfluenza virus type 3  /  immunoinformatics  /  multi-epitope vaccine  /  reverse vaccinology
Lingling CHEN, Yang LI, Henan CAO, Xiao JIANG, Jiaqi NIE, Shulei JIA. Designing a broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine against human parainfluenza virus: an immunoinformatics approach[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 456 -475 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250558
Funding
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  • Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Youth Project(24JCQNJC00460)
Appendix
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Year 2026 volume 66 Issue 1
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250558
  • Receive Date：2025-07-21
  • Online Date：2026-01-12
  • Published：2026-01-04
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2025-07-21
  • Accepted：2025-10-22
Funding
Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Youth Project(24JCQNJC00460)
Affiliations
    1.School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
    2.National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology (CapitalBio), Beijing, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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