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Roles of gut microbiota-natural product interactions in immunomodulation
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Le CHANG1, Jiarui MA1, Shiyu ZHANG1, Siqi HE1, Jiale YANG1, *, Yuhong LYU1, 2, *
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(1) : 75 - 91
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(1): 75-91
• Review •
Roles of gut microbiota-natural product interactions in immunomodulation
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Le CHANG1, Jiarui MA1, Shiyu ZHANG1, Siqi HE1, Jiale YANG1, *, Yuhong LYU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Yan’an Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Innovation and Transformation, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conservation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
Published: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250543
Outline
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The gut microbiota maintains a close dialogue with the host’s immune system, being capable of influencing immune responses through various pathways. It has been extensively documented that synchronous regulation of the gut microbiota and the host immune response exerts immunoenhancing, anti-inflammatory, and gut homeostasis-maintaining effects. By systematically reviewing the relevant literature published in the past three years, this article first elaborates on the interactions between the gut microbiota and the host’s immunity via multiple routes. It further summarizes recent studies on natural products that exert immunomodulatory functions (encompassing both immunoenhancing and anti-inflammatory actions) through gut microbiota pathways. Regarding immune dysregulation diseases, this review further elucidates how natural products achieve precise regulation of the host immune function by optimizing the gut microbiota structure, regulating microbiota-immune signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, TLR, and MAPK), maintaining intestinal barrier homeostasis, and intervening in microbiota-derived metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan-indole derivatives). Additionally, this article discusses the process by which the gut microbiota enhances the immunomodulatory effects of natural products through metabolic conversion and biotransformation of natural products into highly active secondary metabolites. The immunoregulatory effects of natural products through the gut microbiota may become a potential therapeutic strategy for immune-related disorders.

gut microbiota  /  natural product  /  intestinal mucosal barrier  /  biotransformation  /  immune enhancement  /  anti-inflammatory effect
Le CHANG, Jiarui MA, Shiyu ZHANG, Siqi HE, Jiale YANG, Yuhong LYU. Roles of gut microbiota-natural product interactions in immunomodulation[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 75 -91 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250543
Funding
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  • National College Students Innovation Training Program(202410719056)
  • Yan’an City Science and Technology Fund(2024-SFGG-201)
  • Yan’an University’s Production and Cultivation Project(CXY202001)
  • Yan’an University Qin Chuangyuan “Scientist+Engineer” Team Special(2023KXJ-012)
  • Yan’an University Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements(2023CGZH-001)
Appendix
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Year 2026 volume 66 Issue 1
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238
90
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250543
  • Receive Date：2025-07-17
  • Online Date：2026-01-12
  • Published：2026-01-04
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-07-17
  • Accepted：2025-09-17
Funding
National College Students Innovation Training Program(202410719056)
Yan’an City Science and Technology Fund(2024-SFGG-201)
Yan’an University’s Production and Cultivation Project(CXY202001)
Yan’an University Qin Chuangyuan “Scientist+Engineer” Team Special(2023KXJ-012)
Yan’an University Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements(2023CGZH-001)
Affiliations
    1.Yan’an Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Innovation and Transformation, School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
    2.Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conservation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China

Corresponding:

*E-mail: LYU Yuhong,
YANG Jiale,
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Citations
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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