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Research progress in the types, biosynthesis, and application of siderophores in Pseudomonas
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Xiaoli ZENG, Zhong LU, Hao WEN, Jian CHEN, Junli ZHU*
Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(1) : 104 - 114
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Acta Microbiologica Sinica | 2026, 66(1): 104-114
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Research progress in the types, biosynthesis, and application of siderophores in Pseudomonas
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Xiaoli ZENG, Zhong LU, Hao WEN, Jian CHEN, Junli ZHU*
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  • School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Published: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250557
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Siderophores are low-molecular-weight, high-affinity iron-chelating molecules produced by bacteria in response to iron deficiency. Pseudomonas secrete siderophores to efficiently chelate insoluble Fe3+ in the environment, which is a crucial mechanism for their adaptation to iron-limited conditions. This article systematically reviews the types, structural characteristics, biosynthetic pathways (the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS), and regulatory mechanisms of siderophores in Pseudomonas. Several regulatory factors at multiple levels were vitally elucidated, including Fur protein, σ factors, quorum sensing, and two-component system. Moreover, siderophores not only promote iron absorption in plants and bioremediation to remove pollutants but also are virulence factors in pathogen infection and factors in microbial spoilage. The siderophore-iron complex can be specifically recognized and actively taken up by bacteria, which is known as the “Trojan horse” mechanism, enabling covalently conjugated antibiotics to enter the cell and thus significantly boosting antibiotic efficacy. Future research should delve into the molecular regulatory networks and microbial interaction mechanisms to promote the application and development of siderophores in agriculture, medicine, and environmental protection.

siderophore  /  Pseudomonas  /  biosynthesis  /  regulatory mechanism
Xiaoli ZENG, Zhong LU, Hao WEN, Jian CHEN, Junli ZHU. Research progress in the types, biosynthesis, and application of siderophores in Pseudomonas[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 104 -114 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250557
Funding
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  • Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ23C200002)
Appendix
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Year 2026 volume 66 Issue 1
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863
723
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Article Info
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250557
  • Receive Date：2025-07-20
  • Online Date：2026-01-12
  • Published：2026-01-04
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-07-20
  • Accepted：2025-09-06
Funding
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LZ23C200002)
Affiliations
    School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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