In recent years, as the antibiotic resistance of bacteria is aggravating, bacterial infections have brought severe challenges to disease prevention and control. Rapid and accurate identification of bacteria and their basic characteristics is extremely important for disease prevention and control, medical diagnosis, and scientific research. Compared with conventional detection methods such as plate culture counting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence (ATP) bioluminescence, single-cell Raman spectroscopy has shown advantages and broad application prospects in bacterial classification and identification, bacterial pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance detection, and bacterial viability evaluation. This paper reviews the application of single-cell Raman technology in the field of bacteria, aiming to provide technical and application reference for practitioners engaged in the research on bacteria and Raman technology.