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Objective As a zoonotic pathogen, Proteus mirabilis poses a serious challenge to public health due to its multi-antibiotic resistance and the synergistic effect of virulence genes. To characterize the antibiotic resistance transmission of bacteria in the food chain in Zhejiang Province, this study systematically monitored the antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genes of isolates from cattle slaughterhouses and farmers’ markets, and analyzed the distribution differences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Methods A total of 384 samples (feces, carcasses, environment, etc.) were collected from cattle slaughterhouses and farmers’ markets, and the strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Twenty ARGs and 10 VGs were detected by the K-B disc diffusion method and PCR, and the ARGs and VGs carried by P. mirabilis were analyzed. The ARG clusters were analyzed by sequencing of integron gene cassettes, and the co-occurrence network of ARGs, VGs, and MGEs was constructed. Subsequently, conjugative transfer experiments were carried out to explore the horizontal transmission potential of ARGs. Results A total of 101 strains of P. mirabilis were isolated, with the total isolation rate of 26.30%. The isolation rate of strains from slaughterhouses (33.85%) was significantly higher than that from farmers’ markets (18.75%). The resistance rates to ceftriaxone sodium, amoxicillin, and erythromycin were all over 90.00%. Among the ARGs, blaTEM (89.09%), sul1 (77.71%), and tetA (63.29%) had the highest detection rates, and the distribution of ARGs in slaughterhouses was more complex. The VGs fliL (92.08%) and zapA (80.20%) were highly expressed in the isolates, which suggested potential pathogenicity. The detection rate of integrons in slaughterhouses was significantly higher than that in farmers’ markets, and PCR amplification results showed that there were a variety of ARGs, including aminoglycoside and trimethoprim resistance genes. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that ARGs, VGs, and MGEs had significantly positive correlations, and type I integron (intI1) was the hub gene. Conjugative transfer experiments confirmed that blaTEM could be transmitted across species via horizontal transmission. Conclusion Compared with farmers’ markets, slaughterhouses are key nodes in the spread of antibiotic resistance due to the antibiotic exposure pressure, high organism density, and rich mobile components. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening antibiotic management and monitoring the transmission chain of ARGs, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of antibiotic resistance under the framework of “One Health”.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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