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Objective The outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) have been reported in multiple regions across China. To systematically characterize the molecular features and biological properties of the predominant strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) and provide etiological insights for evidence-based prevention and control against IBR. Methods We collected the bovine lung tissue for detection of common bovine respiratory viruses by PCR. Viral isolation was performed with MDBK cells, and then metagenomic sequencing was conducted to determine and analyze complete genome sequences of the viruses. Viruses were purified via the plaque assay and subcultured to the 9th generation (F9) for determination of the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), monitoring of one-step growth kinetics, and observation of viral particle morphology via electron microscopy. Two IBRV-seronegative healthy adults of cattle were intranasally inoculated with the F9 suspension (2.5 mL/nostril), while one additional head of cattle was housed in close contact. The clinical manifestations were monitored, including body temperature fluctuations and viral shedding dynamics. Results PCR detection revealed the presence of both IBRV and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in the bovine lung tissue. After inoculation into MDBK cells, obvious cytopathic effects were observed at the third passage. Metagenomic sequencing confirmed the virus as IBRV, with a whole genome length of 134 678 bp. This isolate was designated as IBRV GSLT/04/2024. The TCID50 of F9 was 105.5 TCID50/mL, and no mutation was detected in the gB, gC, gD, or gE gene. Based on the gC gene and whole genome sequences, this strain was classified into the IBRV 1.2b subtype lineage. Viral shedding began on day 5 post-inoculation in the inoculated cattle and on day 10 in the contact cattle, lasting for approximately 10 days. The amount of viral shedding followed the order of nasal swabs>oral swabs>rectal swabs>ocular swabs. On day 30 post-inoculation, IBRV genes were only detected in the colon tissue. IBR-specific antibodies were detected on approximately day 7 in the inoculated cattle and on day 10 in the contact cattle. Conclusion We successfully isolated a novel IBRV subtype 1.2b strain with high infectivity in adult cattle. The findings provide epidemiological and etiological evidence to trace the recent surge in IBRV prevalence across China.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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