[Objective] To investigate the effects of planting patterns on the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structures of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. [Methods] With the soil of wild P. cyrtonema as the control, the soil samples from P. cyrtonema grown under monocropping and rotation patterns were collected as the research subjects. The structural and functional characteristics of soil microbial communities under wild, monocropping, and rotation patterns were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq PE300 high-throughput sequencing. [Results] Compared with the control, monocropping and rotation significantly increased the biomass of P. cyrtonema and the polysaccharide content in the rhizomes. Compared with monocropping, rotation increased soil ammonium nitrogen (AN) by 37.96% and enhanced the activities of sucrase (SC), acid phosphatase (ACP), and urease (UE) by 63.15%, 58.72%, and 73.03%, respectively, and it exhibited neutral soil pH. The control and monocropping resulted in higher Shannon and Chao1 indices for both bacterial and fungal communities in the soil (P<0.05). Planting patterns significantly affected the structures of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. Different planting patterns showed variations in the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexota as well as the dominant fungal phyla Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Pseudomonadota, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota was the highest under rotation. Additionally, rotation increased the relative abundance of beneficial fungal genera, including Saitozyma, Podila, Mortierella, and Trichoderma. Correlation and redundancy analyses revealed that microbial community changes were correlated with soil pH as well as AN, UE, ACP, and SC activities (P<0.05). Functional prediction indicated that nitrogen fixation and ureolysis were the dominant bacterial functions under rotational cropping. FUNGuild analysis demonstrated that functions associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and litter saprotrophs were significantly enriched in the rotation soil. [Conclusion] Monocropping and rotation change the structures and functions of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil of P. cyrtonema. Rotation enhances the activities of UE, ACP, and SC and increases the abundance of beneficial fungi in the soil and improves the polysaccharide content and biomass of P. cyrtonema, thus being conducive to seedling cultivation.